Physical downlink control channel design for dft-s-ofdm waveform

ABSTRACT

Some embodiments of this disclosure include apparatuses and methods for physical downlink control channel design for a discrete Fourier Transform-spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform. The apparatuses and methods can include at least operating a base station (BS) to generate one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCH) in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner using a Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform, generate a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) which is multiplexed in the TDM manner with the one or more PDCCH, and transmit the one or more PDCCH and the DMRS to a user equipment (UE).

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/795,451, filed Jan. 22, 2019, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

Various embodiments generally may relate to the field of wireless communications.

SUMMARY

Some embodiments of this disclosure include apparatuses and methods for physical downlink control channel design for a discrete Fourier transform-spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform.

Some embodiments are direct to a method of operating a base station (BS). The method can include generating, by the BS, one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCH) in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner using a Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform, generating, by the BS, a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) which is multiplexed in the TDM manner with the one or more PDCCH, and transmitting, by the BS, the one or more PDCCH and the DMRS to a user equipment (UE).

The method can further include inserting, by the BS, the DMRS before the one or more PDCCH prior to transmitting to the UE.

The method can further include multiplexing, by the BS, the one or more PDCCH in the TDM manner prior to performing a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to generate the DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

The method can further include generating, by the BS, a DFT size for the transmission of the one or more PDCCH, and applying, by the BS, the DTF size to multiple instances of the transmission of the PDCCH.

The method can further include the DTF size equaling a control resource set (CORESET) size in a frequency domain.

The method can further include the DFT size equaling a bandwidth of an active downlink bandwidth part (DL BWP) of the UE.

The method can further include applying, by the BS, a time first mapping for a control channel element-to-resource element group (CCE-to-REG) mapping to the PDCCH in a time domain prior to performing a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to generate the DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

Some embodiments are directed to a non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by a base station (BS), cause the BS to perform operations including generating one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCH) in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner using a Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform, generating a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) which is multiplexed in the TDM manner with the one or more PDCCH, and transmitting the one or more PDCCH and the DMRS to a user equipment (UE).

The non-transitory computer readable medium can further include operations comprising inserting the DMRS before the one or more PDCCH prior to transmitting to the UE.

The non-transitory computer readable medium can further include operations comprising multiplexing the one or more PDCCH in the TDM manner prior to performing a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to generate the DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

The non-transitory computer readable medium can further include operations comprising generating a DFT size for the transmission of the one or more PDCCH, and applying the DTF size to multiple instances of the transmission of the PDCCH.

The non-transitory computer readable medium can further include the DTF size equaling a control resource set (CORESET) size in a frequency domain.

The non-transitory computer readable medium can further include the DFT size equaling a bandwidth of an active downlink bandwidth part (DL BWP) of the UE.

The non-transitory computer readable medium can further include operations comprising applying a time first mapping for a control channel element-to-resource element group (CCE-to-REG) mapping to the PDCCH in a time domain prior to performing a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to generate the DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

Some embodiments are directed to a base station (BS). The BS can include a processor configured to: generate one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCH) in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner using a Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform, generate a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) which is multiplexed in the TDM manner with the one or more PDCCH. The BS can further include a radio frequency integrated circuit, coupled to the processor, configured to transmit the one or more PDCCH and the DMRS to a user equipment (UE).

The processor can be further configured to insert the DMRS before the one or more PDCCH prior to transmitting to the UE.

The processor can be further configured to multiplex the one or more PDCCH in the TDM manner prior to performing a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to generate the DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

The processor can be further configured to generate a DFT size for the transmission of the one or more PDCCH, and apply the DTF size to multiple instances of the transmission of the PDCCH.

Some embodiments can have the DTF size equaling a control resource set (CORESET) size in a frequency domain.

Some embodiments can have the DTF size equaling a bandwidth of an active downlink bandwidth part (DL BWP) of the UE.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS/FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates one example of front-loaded demodulation reference signal (DMRS) pattern within one control resource set (CORESET) when the CORESET spans two, three and four symbols, respectively, according to embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates one example of a multiplexing process of multiple physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs) in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner in a CORESET according to embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates one example of a CCE-to-REG mapping process for DFT-s-OFDM waveform when multiple PDCCHs are multiplexed in a TDM manner according to embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates one example of a CCE mapping process for DFT-s-OFDM waveform according to embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates one example of a CCE-to-REG mapping process for DFT-s-OFDM waveform when multiple PDCCHs are multiplexed in a TDM manner according to embodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates one example of a CCE mapping process for DFT-s-OFDM waveform according to embodiments

FIG. 7 illustrates one example of a CCE mapping process for a PDCCH candidate when DFT size is equal to PDCCH candidate size in each symbol according to embodiments.

FIG. 8 illustrates one example of a multi-cluster based PDCCH transmission according to embodiments.

FIG. 9 illustrates one example of a frequency hopping mechanism for the transmission of PDCCH according to embodiments.

FIG. 10 illustrates one example of allocating different PDCCHs with different comb offsets in frequency domain according to embodiments.

FIG. 11 illustrates a conceptual multiplexing between DMRS and PDCCH within a symbol according to embodiments

FIG. 12 illustrates an example system architecture according to embodiments.

FIG. 13 illustrates another example system architecture according to embodiments.

FIG. 14 illustrates another example system architecture according to embodiments.

FIG. 15 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary infrastructure equipment according to embodiments.

FIG. 16 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary platform according to embodiments.

FIG. 17 illustrates a block diagram of baseband circuitry and front end modules according to embodiments.

FIG. 18 illustrates a block diagram of exemplary protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device according to embodiments.

FIG. 19 illustrates a block diagram of exemplary core network components according to embodiments.

FIG. 20 illustrates a block diagram of system components for supporting network function virtualization according to embodiments

FIG. 21 illustrates a block diagram of an exemplary computer system that can be utilized to implement various embodiments.

FIG. 22 illustrates a method of operating the system according to embodiments of the disclosure.

FIG. 23 illustrates a further method of operating the system according to embodiments.

FIG. 24 illustrates a further method of operating the system according to embodiments.

The features and advantages of the embodiments will become more apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which like reference characters identify corresponding elements throughout. In the drawings, like reference numbers generally indicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similar elements. The drawing in which an element first appears is indicated by the leftmost digit(s) in the corresponding reference number.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Discussion of Embodiments

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numbers may be used in different drawings to identify the same or similar elements. In the following description, for purposes of explanation and not limitation, specific details are set forth such as particular structures, architectures, interfaces, techniques, etc. in order to provide a thorough understanding of the various aspects of various embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the present disclosure that the various aspects of the various embodiments may be practiced in other examples that depart from these specific details. In certain instances, descriptions of well-known devices, circuits, and methods are omitted so as not to obscure the description of the various embodiments with unnecessary detail. For the purposes of the present document, the phrase “A or B” means (A), (B), or (A and B).

Mobile communication has evolved significantly from early voice systems to today's highly sophisticated integrated communication platform. The next generation wireless communication system, 5G, or new radio (NR) will provide access to information and sharing of data anywhere, anytime by various users and applications. NR is expected to be a unified network/system that targets to meet vastly different and sometimes conflicting performance dimensions and services. Such diverse multi-dimensional requirements are driven by different services and applications. In general, NR will evolve based on 3GPP LTE-Advanced with additional potential new Radio Access Technologies (RATs) to enrich people lives with better, simple and seamless wireless connectivity solutions. NR will enable everything connected by wireless and deliver fast, rich contents and services.

In NR Release 15, system design is targeted for carrier frequencies up to 52.6 GHz with a waveform choice of cyclic prefix—orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) for downlink (DL) and uplink (UL), and additionally, Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) for UL. However, for carrier frequency above 52.6 GHz, it is envisioned that single carrier based waveform is needed in order to handle issues including low power amplifier (PA) efficiency and large phase noise.

For single carrier based waveform, DFT-s-OFDM and single carrier with frequency domain equalizer (SC-FDE) can be considered for both DL and UL. For an OFDM based transmission scheme including DFT-s-OFDM, a cyclic prefix (CP) is inserted at the beginning of each block, where the last data symbols in a block are repeated as the CP. Typically, the length of CP exceeds the maximum expected delay spread in order to overcome the inter-symbol interference (ISI).

In Rel-15 NR, control resource set (CORESET) is defined as a set of resource element groups (REG) with one or more symbol durations under a given numerology within which UE attempts to blindly decode downlink control information. For physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), a REG is defined as a physical resource block (PRB) with one OFDM symbol and one control channel element (CCE) has a plurality of REGs (e.g., six REGs). Further, a PDCCH candidate consists of a set of CCEs and can be mapped contiguously or non-contiguously in frequency. CCE-to-REG mapping can be either localized or distributed in frequency domain. However, for a given CORESET, only one CCE-to-REG mapping is configured. When distributed CCE-to-REG mapping is employed, a block interleaver is used to distribute the REGs within one CCE in frequency in the CORESET.

Note that for a given bandwidth part (BWP) in a cell, a UE may be limited to a maximum number of CORESETs, such as three CORESETs. In addition, a control search space is associated with a single CORESET and multiple search spaces can be associated with a CORESET. In this case, for a given CORESET, different search spaces (e.g., common search space and UE-specific search space) can have different periodicities for a UE to monitor. Further, maximum number of search space sets configurable for a BWP in a cell for a UE may be, for example, 10.

In Rel-15 NR, CP-OFDM waveform is applied for the transmission of PDCCHs, and multiple PDCCHs can be multiplexed in a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) manner. However, for system operating above 52.6 GHz carrier frequency, when single carrier waveform including DFT-s-OFDM waveform is applied for DL transmission, it is envisioned that FDM of multiplexing multiple PDCCHs may not be desirable given the fact that single carrier property is not maintained. Hence, a new mechanism to multiplex multiple PDCCHs for DFT-s-OFDM waveform needs to be defined. In this disclosure, PDCCH design for DFT-s-OFDM waveform is described for system operating above 52.6 GHz carrier frequency.

As mentioned above, in Rel-15 NR, CP-OFDM waveform is applied for the transmission of PDCCHs, and multiple PDCCHs can be multiplexed in a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) manner. However, for system operating above 52.6 GHz carrier frequency, when single carrier waveform including DFT-s-OFDM waveform is applied for DL transmission, it is envisioned that FDM of multiplexing multiple PDCCHs may not be desirable given the fact that single carrier property is not maintained. Hence, a new mechanism to multiplex multiple PDCCHs for DFT-s-OFDM waveform needs to be defined. Embodiments of PDCCH design for DFT-s-OFDM waveform for above 52.6 GHz carrier frequency are provided as below.

In one embodiment, demodulation reference signal (DMRS) and PDCCH with DFT-s-OFDM waveform are multiplexed in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner within a CORESET. In this case, minimum CORESET duration may be, for example, 2 symbols. Further, maximum CORESET duration may be, for example, 4 symbols.

In one option, a front-loaded DMRS is inserted before the transmission of PDCCH with DFT-s-OFDM waveform. This can help to reduce the latency for PDCCH decoding. FIG. 1 illustrates one example of front-loaded demodulation reference signal (DMRS) pattern 100 within one control resource set (CORESET) when the CORESET spans two, three and four symbols, respectively, according to embodiments. Note that other positions of DMRS within a CORESET can be simply extended from the above examples.

In one embodiment, multiple PDCCHs can be multiplexed in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner prior to discrete Fourier transform (DFT) operation. After the DFT operation and resource mapping, multiple PDCCHs are transmitted in the same DFT-s-OFDM symbol. The PDCCHs may be for the same or different UEs. To enable TDM of multiple PDCCHs, a same DFT size is applied for the multiple PDCCHs. The DFT size may be configured by higher layers via NR minimum system information (MSI), NR remaining minimum system information (RMSI), NR other system information (OSI) or radio resource control (RRC) signalling.

In another option, the DFT size may be equal to CORESET size in the frequency domain. In this case, multiple PDCCHs within a same CORESET may be multiplexed in a TDM manner. For this option, a wideband DMRS is inserted within the CORESET wherein the DMRS spans the whole CORESET in frequency. The DMRS can be used for the channel estimation of the multiple PDCCHs within the same CORESET.

FIG. 2 illustrates one example of a multiplexing process 200 of multiple physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs) in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner in a CORESET according to embodiments. In the example, DFT size equals to the CORESET size in frequency. Yet in another option, the DFT size may be equal to the bandwidth of active DL BWP or the system bandwidth or the union of multiple CORESETs for a given UE. For this option, the DMRS spans the bandwidth which is equal to the DFT size in frequency. In one embodiment, when multiple PDCCHs are multiplexed in a TDM manner, a time first mapping 202 can be applied for CCE-to-REG mapping in time domain prior to DFT operation. In case when a CORESET spans more than 2 symbols, wherein PDCCH spans more than 1 symbol, the number of REGs in a CCE is equally distributed in the CORESET excluding the DMRS symbol. In particular, assuming the number of symbols within a CORESET for PDCCH transmission is M and the number of REGs within a CCE is N, then the number of REGs in each symbol for the PDCCH transmission can be N/M.

FIG. 3 illustrates one example of a CCE-to-REG mapping process 300 for DFT-s-OFDM waveform when multiple PDCCHs are multiplexed in a TDM manner according to embodiments. In the example, assuming one CCE has 6 REGs, and CORESET spans 3 symbols which indicates that the PDCCH spans 2 symbols with front-load DMRS. In this case, the number of REGs within a CCE in each symbol is 3. Note that aggregation level of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 can be used for the transmission of one PDCCH. For PDCCH with DFT-s-OFDM waveform, it is envisioned that non-interleaved CCE-to-REG mapping can be employed.

FIG. 4 illustrates one example of a CCE mapping process 400 for DFT-s-OFDM waveform according to embodiments. In the example, it is assumed that CORESET occupies 24 PRBs and 3 symbols. Further, DMRS is located in the first symbol within the CORESET. In this case, 3 REGs are mapped to one CCE within one symbol. This indicates that total number of CCEs within one CORESET is 8 as shown in the figure. In another embodiment, when multiple PDCCHs are multiplexed in a TDM manner, a time first mapping can be applied for CCE-to-REG mapping in time domain prior to DFT operation. Further, one CCE consisting of N REGs is mapped on one DFT-s-OFDM symbol. In this case, the CCE index is counted from the first symbol for the PDCCH transmission, and then the second symbol, etc.

FIG. 5 illustrates one example of a CCE-to-REG mapping process 500 for DFT-s-OFDM waveform when multiple PDCCHs are multiplexed in a TDM manner according to embodiments. In the example, assuming one CCE has 6 REGs, and one CCE is confined within one DFT-s-OFDM symbol.

FIG. 6 illustrates one example of a CCE mapping process 600 for DFT-s-OFDM waveform according to embodiments. In the example, it is assumed that CORESET occupies 24 PRBs and 3 symbols. Further, DMRS is located in the first symbol within the CORESET. In this case, 6 REGs are mapped to one CCE within one symbol. Further, the CCE index is counted from the first symbol and then the second symbol.

In another embodiment, multiple PDCCHs can be multiplexed in a spatial division multiplexing (SDM) manner. This option may be applicable for the case when gNB is equipped with multiple antenna arrays or panels. For SDM based multiplexing of multiple PDCCHs, in one option, the DFT size may be equal to the PDCCH candidate size in each symbol. FIG. 7 illustrates one example of a CCE mapping process 700 for a PDCCH candidate when DFT size is equal to PDCCH candidate size in each symbol according to embodiments. More specifically, assuming the number of symbols within a CORESET for PDCCH transmission is M and the number of REGs within a CCE is N, and the aggregation level of the corresponding PDCCH candidate is L, then the DFT size is 12·L·N/M. Note that for this option, either time first or frequency first mapping may be applied for CCE-to-REG mapping. In addition, the bandwidth of DMRS is equal to the size of DFT. Further, for blind decoding of each PDCCH candidate, channel estimation and inverse discrete fourier transform (IDFT) operation are needed. Similarly, CCE mapping for DFT-s-OFDM waveform as shown in the FIG. 4 can be applied for this option. In one example, assuming one CCE has 6 REGs, CORESET spans 3 symbols which indicates that the PDCCH spans 2 symbols with front-load DMRS and aggregation level of the PDCCH candidate is 2, then the DFT size is 72. In another option, the DFT size may be equal to the CORESET size in frequency domain. In this case, channel estimation and IDFT operation can be performed once for all PDCCH candidates. This can be similar to the case when multiple PDCCHs are multiplexed in the TDM manner.

In another embodiment, multiple cluster based transmission can be applied for one CCE or one PDCCH candidate. In this case, one PDCCH candidate may be distributed in frequency within a CORESET. To reduce the PAPR, a single DFT is applied for the each PDCCH candidate prior the distributed resource mapping in one symbol. Note that for this option, one CORESET may be configured with distributed resource in frequency. For example, two clusters of frequency resources can be configured for a given CORESET. Alternatively, when localized resource is configured for a CORESET, distributed CCE-to-REG mapping may be configured. To enable 2-cluster based PDCCH transmission, R can be 2 where R is the interleaver size. Further, in each cluster of PDCCH transmission, DMRS is inserted wherein the bandwidth of DMRS is equal to the size of cluster in frequency.

FIG. 8 illustrates one example of a multi-cluster based PDCCH transmission 800 according to embodiments. In the example, the PDCCH candidate with aggregation level (AL) of 1 is distributed with 2 clusters in frequency. In addition, DMRS is inserted in each cluster. In another embodiment, frequency hopping may be applied for the transmission of one PDCCH candidate when PDCCH spans more than 1 symbols. For this option, frequency first mapping can be employed for CCE-to-REG mapping. In addition, DMRS is inserted in each frequency hop when frequency hopping is applied. Block-wised DMRS may be applied to DMRS for each hop to reduce the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR), where DMRS sequence could be determined by the frequency position of each hop. In one example, the scramble ID and/or cyclic shift for DMRS could be different for different hop. Note that the frequency hopping distance may be configured by higher layers via MSI, RMSI, OSI or RRC signalling. It can be part of CORESET configurations. In another option, it can be equal to half of CORESET size in frequency.

FIG. 9 illustrates one example of a frequency hopping mechanism 900 for the transmission of PDCCH according to embodiments. In the example, two frequency resources can be used for the transmission of PDCCH when CORESET spans more than one symbol. In another embodiment, the Energy Per Resource Element (EPRE) ratio between DMRS and PDCCH may be pre-defined, e.g. 0 dB, or be configured by RRC signaling and/or Downlink Control Information (DCI). If a CORESET contains more than 1 symbol, this EPRE ratio may be configured per symbol or across symbols.

Alternatively a power scaling factor may be defined for PDCCH before DFT. Before DFT, each modulated sequence r(m) for PDCCH should be multiplied by x, where x can be predefined or configured by higher layer signaling or DCI. Given number of samples for PDCCH is M, and DFT size is N, in one example, x can be predefined to be

$\sqrt{\frac{N}{M}}.$

In another embodiment, multiple PDCCHs for same or different UEs are multiplexed in a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) manner, which can be interleaved in a subcarrier or a physical resource block (PRB) level. In case when multiple PDCCHs are interleaved in a subcarrier level, different comb offsets can be assigned.

FIG. 10 illustrates one example of allocating different PDCCHs with different comb offsets in frequency domain according to embodiments. Note that to generate PDCCHs with different comb offsets, block-wised orthogonal cover code (OCC) may be applied for the modulated symbols prior to DFT operation. Further, comb offset for a PDCCH may be configured by higher layers via MSI, RMSI, OSI or RRC signalling. It can be part of CORESET or search space set configurations. In addition, a default comb offset may be defined for PDCCH scheduling common control message, including PDCCH with CRC scrambled with System Information-Radio Network Temporary Identifier (SI-RNTI), Paging—RNTI (P-RNTI), random access—RNTI (RA-RNTI), etc. In addition, the default comb offset may also be applied for fall back DCI, i.e., DCI format 0_0 and 1_0.

In another embodiment, the DMRS samples 1100 are mapped in K consecutive sample positions before transform precoding, as shown in FIG. 11. FIG. 11 illustrates a conceptual multiplexing between DMRS and PDCCH within a symbol according to embodiments. In some designs, the number of consecutive samples K and sample positions in frequency domain may be predefined in specification or configured by higher layers signaling, e.g. by system information block (SIB). To improve the resource efficiency, the DMRS samples 1100 and the associated PDCCH 1110 samples may be interlaced to be mapped in different positions before transform precoding 1120. Since the structure in FIG. 11 may suffer the PAPR performance compared to other proposals e.g. TDMed structure of DMRS and PDCCH as shown in FIG. 7, this motivates to consider that one information element (IE) may be introduced and broadcasted by network through SIB information, which allows gNB to select between FDM and TDM structure for PDCCH and DMRS transmission on a per cell basis. As one example, for a small cell without coverage issue, FDMed structure in FIG. 11 may be used to reduce the RS overhead. While, for large cell coverage, TDMed structure may be selected by gNB to avoid coverage degradation. In addition, for UE-specific SS, the structure of PDCCH and DMRS i.e. FDMed or TDMed structure, may be explicitly configured on a per UE basis based on UE SINR geometry. For example, FDMed structure may be configured for cell-center UE and TDMed structure is used for cell-center UEs.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example architecture of a system 1200 of a network, in accordance with various embodiments. The following description is provided for an example system 1200 that operates in conjunction with the LTE system standards and 5G or NR system standards as provided by 3GPP technical specifications. However, the example embodiments are not limited in this regard and the described embodiments may apply to other networks that benefit from the principles described herein, such as future 3GPP systems (e.g., Sixth Generation (6G)) systems, IEEE 802.16 protocols (e.g., WMAN, WiMAX, etc.), or the like.

As shown by FIG. 12, the system 1200 includes UE 1201 a and UE 1201 b (collectively referred to as “UEs 1201” or “UE 1201”). In this example, UEs 1201 are illustrated as smartphones (e.g., handheld touchscreen mobile computing devices connectable to one or more cellular networks), but may also comprise any mobile or non-mobile computing device, such as consumer electronics devices, cellular phones, smartphones, feature phones, tablet computers, wearable computer devices, personal digital assistants (PDAs), pagers, wireless handsets, desktop computers, laptop computers, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI), in-car entertainment (ICE) devices, an Instrument Cluster (IC), head-up display (HUD) devices, onboard diagnostic (OBD) devices, dashtop mobile equipment (DME), mobile data terminals (MDTs), Electronic Engine Management System (EEMS), electronic/engine control units (ECUs), electronic/engine control modules (ECMs), embedded systems, microcontrollers, control modules, engine management systems (EMS), networked or “smart” appliances, MTC devices, M2M, IoT devices, and/or the like.

In some embodiments, any of the UEs 1201 may be IoT UEs, which may comprise a network access layer designed for low-power IoT applications utilizing short-lived UE connections. An IoT UE can utilize technologies such as M2M or MTC for exchanging data with an MTC server or device via a PLMN, ProSe or D2D communication, sensor networks, or IoT networks. The M2M or MTC exchange of data may be a machine-initiated exchange of data. An IoT network describes interconnecting IoT UEs, which may include uniquely identifiable embedded computing devices (within the Internet infrastructure), with short-lived connections. The IoT UEs may execute background applications (e.g., keep-alive messages, status updates, etc.) to facilitate the connections of the IoT network.

The UEs 1201 may be configured to connect, for example, communicatively couple, with an or RAN 1210. In embodiments, the RAN 1210 may be an NG RAN or a 5G RAN, an E-UTRAN, or a legacy RAN, such as a UTRAN or GERAN. As used herein, the term “NG RAN” or the like may refer to a RAN 1210 that operates in an NR or 5G system 1200, and the term “E-UTRAN” or the like may refer to a RAN 1210 that operates in an LTE or 4G system 1200. The UEs 1201 utilize connections (or channels) 1203 and 1204, respectively, each of which comprises a physical communications interface or layer (discussed in further detail below).

In this example, the connections 1203 and 1204 are illustrated as an air interface to enable communicative coupling, and can be consistent with cellular communications protocols, such as a GSM protocol, a CDMA network protocol, a PTT protocol, a POC protocol, a UMTS protocol, a 3GPP LTE protocol, a 5G protocol, a NR protocol, and/or any of the other communications protocols discussed herein. In embodiments, the UEs 1201 may directly exchange communication data via a ProSe interface 1205. The ProSe interface 1205 may alternatively be referred to as a SL interface 1205 and may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a PSCCH, a PSSCH, a PSDCH, and a PSBCH.

The UE 1201 b is shown to be configured to access an AP 1206 (also referred to as “WLAN node 1206,” “WLAN 1206,” “WLAN Termination 1206,” “WT 1206” or the like) via connection 1207. The connection 1207 can comprise a local wireless connection, such as a connection consistent with any IEEE 802.11 protocol, wherein the AP 1206 would comprise a wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi®) router. In this example, the AP 1206 is shown to be connected to the Internet without connecting to the core network of the wireless system (described in further detail below). In various embodiments, the UE 1201 b, RAN 1210, and AP 1206 may be configured to utilize LWA operation and/or LWIP operation. The LWA operation may involve the UE 1201 b in RRC_CONNECTED being configured by a RAN node 1211 a-b to utilize radio resources of LTE and WLAN. LWIP operation may involve the UE 1201 b using WLAN radio resources (e.g., connection 1207) via IPsec protocol tunneling to authenticate and encrypt packets (e.g., IP packets) sent over the connection 1207. IPsec tunneling may include encapsulating the entirety of original IP packets and adding a new packet header, thereby protecting the original header of the IP packets.

The RAN 1210 can include one or more AN nodes or RAN nodes 1211 a and 1211 b (collectively referred to as “RAN nodes 1211” or “RAN node 1211”) that enable the connections 1203 and 1204. As used herein, the terms “access node,” “access point,” or the like may describe equipment that provides the radio baseband functions for data and/or voice connectivity between a network and one or more users. These access nodes can be referred to as BS, gNBs, RAN nodes, eNBs, NodeBs, RSUs, TRxPs or TRPs, and so forth, and can comprise ground stations (e.g., terrestrial access points) or satellite stations providing coverage within a geographic area (e.g., a cell). As used herein, the term “NG RAN node” or the like may refer to a RAN node 1211 that operates in an NR or 5G system 1200 (for example, a gNB), and the term “E-UTRAN node” or the like may refer to a RAN node 1211 that operates in an LTE or 4G system 1200 (e.g., an eNB). According to various embodiments, the RAN nodes 1211 may be implemented as one or more of a dedicated physical device such as a macrocell base station, and/or a low power (LP) base station for providing femtocells, picocells or other like cells having smaller coverage areas, smaller user capacity, or higher bandwidth compared to macrocells.

In some embodiments, all or parts of the RAN nodes 1211 may be implemented as one or more software entities running on server computers as part of a virtual network, which may be referred to as a CRAN and/or a virtual baseband unit pool (vBBUP). In these embodiments, the CRAN or vBBUP may implement a RAN function split, such as a PDCP split wherein RRC and PDCP layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and other L2 protocol entities are operated by individual RAN nodes 1211; a MAC/PHY split wherein RRC, PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and the PHY layer is operated by individual RAN nodes 1211; or a “lower PHY” split wherein RRC, PDCP, RLC, MAC layers and upper portions of the PHY layer are operated by the CRAN/vBBUP and lower portions of the PHY layer are operated by individual RAN nodes 1211. This virtualized framework allows the freed-up processor cores of the RAN nodes 1211 to perform other virtualized applications. In some implementations, an individual RAN node 1211 may represent individual gNB-DUs that are connected to a gNB-CU via individual F1 interfaces (not shown by FIG. 12). In these implementations, the gNB-DUs may include one or more remote radio heads or RFEMs (see, e.g., FIG. 15), and the gNB-CU may be operated by a server that is located in the RAN 1210 (not shown) or by a server pool in a similar manner as the CRAN/vBBUP. Additionally or alternatively, one or more of the RAN nodes 1211 may be next generation eNBs (ng-eNBs), which are RAN nodes that provide E-UTRA user plane and control plane protocol terminations toward the UEs 1201, and are connected to a 5GC (e.g., CN 1420 of FIG. 14) via an NG interface (discussed infra).

In V2X scenarios one or more of the RAN nodes 1211 may be or act as RSUs. The term “Road Side Unit” or “RSU” may refer to any transportation infrastructure entity used for V2X communications. An RSU may be implemented in or by a suitable RAN node or a stationary (or relatively stationary) UE, where an RSU implemented in or by a UE may be referred to as a “UE-type RSU,” an RSU implemented in or by an eNB may be referred to as an “eNB-type RSU,” an RSU implemented in or by a gNB may be referred to as a “gNB-type RSU,” and the like. In one example, an RSU is a computing device coupled with radio frequency circuitry located on a roadside that provides connectivity support to passing vehicle UEs 1201 (vUEs 1201). The RSU may also include internal data storage circuitry to store intersection map geometry, traffic statistics, media, as well as applications/software to sense and control ongoing vehicular and pedestrian traffic. The RSU may operate on the 5.9 GHz Direct Short Range Communications (DSRC) band to provide very low latency communications required for high speed events, such as crash avoidance, traffic warnings, and the like. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate on the cellular V2X band to provide the aforementioned low latency communications, as well as other cellular communications services. Additionally or alternatively, the RSU may operate as a Wi-Fi hotspot (2.4 GHz band) and/or provide connectivity to one or more cellular networks to provide uplink and downlink communications. The computing device(s) and some or all of the radiofrequency circuitry of the RSU may be packaged in a weatherproof enclosure suitable for outdoor installation, and may include a network interface controller to provide a wired connection (e.g., Ethernet) to a traffic signal controller and/or a backhaul network.

Any of the RAN nodes 1211 can terminate the air interface protocol and can be the first point of contact for the UEs 1201. In some embodiments, any of the RAN nodes 1211 can fulfill various logical functions for the RAN 1210 including, but not limited to, radio network controller (RNC) functions such as radio bearer management, uplink and downlink dynamic radio resource management and data packet scheduling, and mobility management.

In embodiments, the UEs 1201 can be configured to communicate using OFDM communication signals with each other or with any of the RAN nodes 1211 over a multicarrier communication channel in accordance with various communication techniques, such as, but not limited to, an OFDMA communication technique (e.g., for downlink communications) or a SC-FDMA communication technique (e.g., for uplink and ProSe or sidelink communications), although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. The OFDM signals can comprise a plurality of orthogonal subcarriers.

In some embodiments, a downlink resource grid can be used for downlink transmissions from any of the RAN nodes 1211 to the UEs 1201, while uplink transmissions can utilize similar techniques. The grid can be a time-frequency grid, called a resource grid or time-frequency resource grid, which is the physical resource in the downlink in each slot. Such a time-frequency plane representation is a common practice for OFDM systems, which makes it intuitive for radio resource allocation. Each column and each row of the resource grid corresponds to one OFDM symbol and one OFDM subcarrier, respectively. The duration of the resource grid in the time domain corresponds to one slot in a radio frame. The smallest time-frequency unit in a resource grid is denoted as a resource element. Each resource grid comprises a number of resource blocks, which describe the mapping of certain physical channels to resource elements. Each resource block comprises a collection of resource elements; in the frequency domain, this may represent the smallest quantity of resources that currently can be allocated. There are several different physical downlink channels that are conveyed using such resource blocks.

According to various embodiments, the UEs 1201, and the RAN nodes 1211, 1212 communicate data (for example, transmit and receive) data over a licensed medium (also referred to as the “licensed spectrum” and/or the “licensed band”) and an unlicensed shared medium (also referred to as the “unlicensed spectrum” and/or the “unlicensed band”). The licensed spectrum may include channels that operate in the frequency range of approximately 400 MHz to approximately 3.8 GHz, whereas the unlicensed spectrum may include the 5 GHz band.

To operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the UEs 1201, and the RAN nodes 1211, 1212 may operate using LAA, eLAA, and/or feLAA mechanisms. In these implementations, the UEs 1201, and the RAN nodes 1211, 1212 may perform one or more known medium-sensing operations and/or carrier-sensing operations in order to determine whether one or more channels in the unlicensed spectrum is unavailable or otherwise occupied prior to transmitting in the unlicensed spectrum. The medium/carrier sensing operations may be performed according to a listen-before-talk (LBT) protocol.

LBT is a mechanism whereby equipment (for example, UEs 1201, RAN nodes 1211, 1212, etc.) senses a medium (for example, a channel or carrier frequency) and transmits when the medium is sensed to be idle (or when a specific channel in the medium is sensed to be unoccupied). The medium sensing operation may include CCA, which utilizes at least ED to determine the presence or absence of other signals on a channel in order to determine if a channel is occupied or clear. This LBT mechanism allows cellular/LAA networks to coexist with incumbent systems in the unlicensed spectrum and with other LAA networks. ED may include sensing RF energy across an intended transmission band for a period of time and comparing the sensed RF energy to a predefined or configured threshold.

Typically, the incumbent systems in the 5 GHz band are WLANs based on IEEE 802.11 technologies. WLAN employs a contention-based channel access mechanism, called CSMA/CA. Here, when a WLAN node (e.g., a mobile station (MS) such as UE 1201 or AP 1206, or the like) intends to transmit, the WLAN node may first perform CCA before transmission. Additionally, a backoff mechanism is used to avoid collisions in situations where more than one WLAN node senses the channel as idle and transmits at the same time. The backoff mechanism may be a counter that is drawn randomly within the CWS, which is increased exponentially upon the occurrence of collision and reset to a minimum value when the transmission succeeds. The LBT mechanism designed for LAA is somewhat similar to the CSMA/CA of WLAN. In some implementations, the LBT procedure for DL or UL transmission bursts including PDSCH or PUSCH transmissions, respectively, may have an LAA contention window that is variable in length between X and Y ECCA slots, where X and Y are minimum and maximum values for the CWSs for LAA. In one example, the minimum CWS for an LAA transmission may be 9 microseconds (μs); however, the size of the CWS and a MCOT (for example, a transmission burst) may be based on governmental regulatory requirements.

The LAA mechanisms are built upon CA technologies of LTE-Advanced systems. In CA, each aggregated carrier is referred to as a CC. A CC may have a bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20 MHz and a maximum of five CCs can be aggregated, and therefore, a maximum aggregated bandwidth is 100 MHz. In FDD systems, the number of aggregated carriers can be different for DL and UL, where the number of UL CCs is equal to or lower than the number of DL component carriers. In some cases, individual CCs can have a different bandwidth than other CCs. In TDD systems, the number of CCs as well as the bandwidths of each CC is usually the same for DL and UL.

CA also comprises individual serving cells to provide individual CCs. The coverage of the serving cells may differ, for example, because CCs on different frequency bands will experience different pathloss. A primary service cell or PCell may provide a PCC for both UL and DL, and may handle RRC and NAS related activities. The other serving cells are referred to as SCells, and each SCell may provide an individual SCC for both UL and DL. The SCCs may be added and removed as required, while changing the PCC may require the UE 1201, to undergo a handover. In LAA, eLAA, and feLAA, some or all of the SCells may operate in the unlicensed spectrum (referred to as “LAA SCells”), and the LAA SCells are assisted by a PCell operating in the licensed spectrum. When a UE is configured with more than one LAA SCell, the UE may receive UL grants on the configured LAA SCells indicating different PUSCH starting positions within a same subframe.

The PDSCH carries user data and higher-layer signaling to the UEs 1201. The PDCCH carries information about the transport format and resource allocations related to the PDSCH channel, among other things. It may also inform the UEs 1201 about the transport format, resource allocation, and HARQ information related to the uplink shared channel. Typically, downlink scheduling (assigning control and shared channel resource blocks to the UE 1201 b within a cell) may be performed at any of the RAN nodes 1211 based on channel quality information fed back from any of the UEs 1201. The downlink resource assignment information may be sent on the PDCCH used for (e.g., assigned to) each of the UEs 1201.

The PDCCH uses CCEs to convey the control information. Before being mapped to resource elements, the PDCCH complex-valued symbols may first be organized into quadruplets, which may then be permuted using a sub-block interleaver for rate matching. Each PDCCH may be transmitted using one or more of these CCEs, where each CCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as REGs. Four Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) symbols may be mapped to each REG. The PDCCH can be transmitted using one or more CCEs, depending on the size of the DCI and the channel condition. There can be four or more different PDCCH formats defined in LTE with different numbers of CCEs (e.g., aggregation level, L=1, 2, 4, or 8).

Some embodiments may use concepts for resource allocation for control channel information that are an extension of the above-described concepts. For example, some embodiments may utilize an EPDCCH that uses PDSCH resources for control information transmission. The EPDCCH may be transmitted using one or more ECCEs. Similar to above, each ECCE may correspond to nine sets of four physical resource elements known as an EREGs. An ECCE may have other numbers of EREGs in some situations.

The RAN nodes 1211 may be configured to communicate with one another via interface 1212. In embodiments where the system 1200 is an LTE system (e.g., when CN 1220 is an EPC 1320 as in FIG. 13), the interface 1212 may be an X2 interface 1212. The X2 interface may be defined between two or more RAN nodes 1211 (e.g., two or more eNBs and the like) that connect to EPC 1220, and/or between two eNBs connecting to EPC 1220. In some implementations, the X2 interface may include an X2 user plane interface (X2-U) and an X2 control plane interface (X2-C). The X2-U may provide flow control mechanisms for user data packets transferred over the X2 interface, and may be used to communicate information about the delivery of user data between eNBs. For example, the X2-U may provide specific sequence number information for user data transferred from a MeNB to an SeNB; information about successful in sequence delivery of PDCP PDUs to a UE 1201 from an SeNB for user data; information of PDCP PDUs that were not delivered to a UE 1201; information about a current minimum desired buffer size at the SeNB for transmitting to the UE user data; and the like. The X2-C may provide intra-LTE access mobility functionality, including context transfers from source to target eNBs, user plane transport control, etc.; load management functionality; as well as inter-cell interference coordination functionality.

In embodiments where the system 1200 is a 5G or NR system (e.g., when CN 1220 is an 5GC 1420 as in FIG. 14), the interface 1212 may be an Xn interface 1212. The Xn interface is defined between two or more RAN nodes 1211 (e.g., two or more gNBs and the like) that connect to 5GC 1220, between a RAN node 1211 (e.g., a gNB) connecting to 5GC 1220 and an eNB, and/or between two eNBs connecting to 5GC 1220. In some implementations, the Xn interface may include an Xn user plane (Xn-U) interface and an Xn control plane (Xn-C) interface. The Xn-U may provide non-guaranteed delivery of user plane PDUs and support/provide data forwarding and flow control functionality. The Xn-C may provide management and error handling functionality, functionality to manage the Xn-C interface; mobility support for UE 1201 in a connected mode (e.g., CM-CONNECTED) including functionality to manage the UE mobility for connected mode between one or more RAN nodes 1211. The mobility support may include context transfer from an old (source) serving RAN node 1211 to new (target) serving RAN node 1211; and control of user plane tunnels between old (source) serving RAN node 1211 to new (target) serving RAN node 1211. A protocol stack of the Xn-U may include a transport network layer built on Internet Protocol (IP) transport layer, and a GTP-U layer on top of a UDP and/or IP layer(s) to carry user plane PDUs. The Xn-C protocol stack may include an application layer signaling protocol (referred to as Xn Application Protocol (Xn-AP)) and a transport network layer that is built on SCTP. The SCTP may be on top of an IP layer, and may provide the guaranteed delivery of application layer messages. In the transport IP layer, point-to-point transmission is used to deliver the signaling PDUs. In other implementations, the Xn-U protocol stack and/or the Xn-C protocol stack may be same or similar to the user plane and/or control plane protocol stack(s) shown and described herein.

The RAN 1210 is shown to be communicatively coupled to a core network—in this embodiment, core network (CN) 1220. The CN 1220 may comprise a plurality of network elements 1222, which are configured to offer various data and telecommunications services to customers/subscribers (e.g., users of UEs 1201) who are connected to the CN 1220 via the RAN 1210. The components of the CN 1220 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In some embodiments, NFV may be utilized to virtualize any or all of the above-described network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CN 1220 may be referred to as a network slice, and a logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 1220 may be referred to as a network sub-slice. NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more network functions, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components/functions.

Generally, the application server 1230 may be an element offering applications that use IP bearer resources with the core network (e.g., UMTS PS domain, LTE PS data services, etc.). The application server 1230 can also be configured to support one or more communication services (e.g., VoIP sessions, PTT sessions, group communication sessions, social networking services, etc.) for the UEs 1201 via the EPC 1220.

In embodiments, the CN 1220 may be a 5GC (referred to as “5GC 1220” or the like), and the RAN 1210 may be connected with the CN 1220 via an NG interface 1213. In embodiments, the NG interface 1213 may be split into two parts, an NG user plane (NG-U) interface 1214, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 1211 and a UPF, and the S1 control plane (NG-C) interface 1215, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 1211 and AMFs. Embodiments where the CN 1220 is a 5GC 1220 are discussed in more detail with regard to FIG. 14.

In embodiments, the CN 1220 may be a 5G CN (referred to as “5GC 1220” or the like), while in other embodiments, the CN 1220 may be an EPC). Where CN 1220 is an EPC (referred to as “EPC 1220” or the like), the RAN 1210 may be connected with the CN 1220 via an S1 interface 1213. In embodiments, the S1 interface 1213 may be split into two parts, an S1 user plane (S1-U) interface 1214, which carries traffic data between the RAN nodes 1211 and the S-GW, and the S1-MME interface 1215, which is a signaling interface between the RAN nodes 1211 and MMEs. An example architecture wherein the CN 1220 is an EPC 1220 is shown by FIG. 13.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example architecture of a system 1300 including a first CN 1320, in accordance with various embodiments. In this example, system 1300 may implement the LTE standard wherein the CN 1320 is an EPC 1320 that corresponds with CN 1220 of FIG. 12. Additionally, the UE 1301 may be the same or similar as the UEs 1201 of FIG. 12, and the E-UTRAN 1310 may be a RAN that is the same or similar to the RAN 1210 of FIG. 12, and which may include RAN nodes 1211 discussed previously. The CN 1320 may comprise MMEs 1321, an S-GW 1322, a P-GW 1323, a HSS 1324, and a SGSN 1325.

The MMEs 1321 may be similar in function to the control plane of legacy SGSN, and may implement MM functions to keep track of the current location of a UE 1301. The MMEs 1321 may perform various MM procedures to manage mobility aspects in access such as gateway selection and tracking area list management. MM (also referred to as “EPS MM” or “EMM” in E-UTRAN systems) may refer to all applicable procedures, methods, data storage, etc. that are used to maintain knowledge about a present location of the UE 1301, provide user identity confidentiality, and/or perform other like services to users/subscribers. Each UE 1301 and the MME 1321 may include an MM or EMM sublayer, and an MM context may be established in the UE 1301 and the MME 1321 when an attach procedure is successfully completed. The MM context may be a data structure or database object that stores MM-related information of the UE 1301. The MMEs 1321 may be coupled with the HSS 1324 via an S6a reference point, coupled with the SGSN 1325 via an S3 reference point, and coupled with the S-GW 1322 via an S11 reference point.

The SGSN 1325 may be a node that serves the UE 1301 by tracking the location of an individual UE 1301 and performing security functions. In addition, the SGSN 1325 may perform Inter-EPC node signaling for mobility between 2G/3G and E-UTRAN 3GPP access networks; PDN and S-GW selection as specified by the MMEs 1321; handling of UE 1301 time zone functions as specified by the MMEs 1321; and MME selection for handovers to E-UTRAN 3GPP access network. The S3 reference point between the MMEs 1321 and the SGSN 1325 may enable user and bearer information exchange for inter-3GPP access network mobility in idle and/or active states.

The HSS 1324 may comprise a database for network users, including subscription-related information to support the network entities' handling of communication sessions. The EPC 1320 may comprise one or several HSSs 1324, depending on the number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment, on the organization of the network, etc. For example, the HSS 1324 can provide support for routing/roaming, authentication, authorization, naming/addressing resolution, location dependencies, etc. An S6a reference point between the HSS 1324 and the MMEs 1321 may enable transfer of subscription and authentication data for authenticating/authorizing user access to the EPC 1320 between HSS 1324 and the MMEs 1321.

The S-GW 1322 may terminate the S1 interface 1213 (“S1-U” in FIG. 13) toward the RAN 1310, and routes data packets between the RAN 1310 and the EPC 1320. In addition, the S-GW 1322 may be a local mobility anchor point for inter-RAN node handovers and also may provide an anchor for inter-3GPP mobility. Other responsibilities may include lawful intercept, charging, and some policy enforcement. The S11 reference point between the S-GW 1322 and the MMEs 1321 may provide a control plane between the MMEs 1321 and the S-GW 1322. The S-GW 1322 may be coupled with the P-GW 1323 via an S5 reference point.

The P-GW 1323 may terminate an SGi interface toward a PDN 1330. The P-GW 1323 may route data packets between the EPC 1320 and external networks such as a network including the application server 1230 (alternatively referred to as an “AF”) via an IP interface 1225 (see e.g., FIG. 12). In embodiments, the P-GW 1323 may be communicatively coupled to an application server (application server 1230 of FIG. 12 or PDN 1330 in FIG. 13) via an IP communications interface 1225 (see, e.g., FIG. 12). The S5 reference point between the P-GW 1323 and the S-GW 1322 may provide user plane tunneling and tunnel management between the P-GW 1323 and the S-GW 1322. The S5 reference point may also be used for S-GW 1322 relocation due to UE 1301 mobility and if the S-GW 1322 needs to connect to a non-collocated P-GW 1323 for the required PDN connectivity. The P-GW 1323 may further include a node for policy enforcement and charging data collection (e.g., PCEF (not shown)). Additionally, the SGi reference point between the P-GW 1323 and the packet data network (PDN) 1330 may be an operator external public, a private PDN, or an intra operator packet data network, for example, for provision of IMS services. The P-GW 1323 may be coupled with a PCRF 1326 via a Gx reference point.

PCRF 1326 is the policy and charging control element of the EPC 1320. In a non-roaming scenario, there may be a single PCRF 1326 in the Home Public Land Mobile Network (HPLMN) associated with a UE 1301's Internet Protocol Connectivity Access Network (IP-CAN) session. In a roaming scenario with local breakout of traffic, there may be two PCRFs associated with a UE 1301's IP-CAN session, a Home PCRF (H-PCRF) within an HPLMN and a Visited PCRF (V-PCRF) within a Visited Public Land Mobile Network (VPLMN). The PCRF 1326 may be communicatively coupled to the application server 1330 via the P-GW 1323. The application server 1330 may signal the PCRF 1326 to indicate a new service flow and select the appropriate QoS and charging parameters. The PCRF 1326 may provision this rule into a PCEF (not shown) with the appropriate TFT and QCI, which commences the QoS and charging as specified by the application server 1330. The Gx reference point between the PCRF 1326 and the P-GW 1323 may allow for the transfer of QoS policy and charging rules from the PCRF 1326 to PCEF in the P-GW 1323. An Rx reference point may reside between the PDN 1330 (or “AF 1330”) and the PCRF 1326.

FIG. 14 illustrates an architecture of a system 1400 including a second CN 1420 in accordance with various embodiments. The system 1400 is shown to include a UE 1401, which may be the same or similar to the UEs 1201 and UE 1301 discussed previously; a (R)AN 1410, which may be the same or similar to the RAN 1210 and RAN 1310 discussed previously, and which may include RAN nodes 1211 discussed previously; and a DN 1403, which may be, for example, operator services, Internet access or 3rd party services; and a 5GC 1420. The 5GC 1420 may include an AUSF 1422; an AMF 1421; a SMF 1424; a NEF 1423; a PCF 1426; a NRF 1425; a UDM 1427; an AF 1428; a UPF 1402; and a NSSF 1429.

The UPF 1402 may act as an anchor point for intra-RAT and inter-RAT mobility, an external PDU session point of interconnect to DN 1403, and a branching point to support multi-homed PDU session. The UPF 1402 may also perform packet routing and forwarding, perform packet inspection, enforce the user plane part of policy rules, lawfully intercept packets (UP collection), perform traffic usage reporting, perform QoS handling for a user plane (e.g., packet filtering, gating, UL/DL rate enforcement), perform Uplink Traffic verification (e.g., SDF to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, and perform downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. UPF 1402 may include an uplink classifier to support routing traffic flows to a data network. The DN 1403 may represent various network operator services, Internet access, or third party services. DN 1403 may include, or be similar to, application server 1230 discussed previously. The UPF 1402 may interact with the SMF 1424 via an N4 reference point between the SMF 1424 and the UPF 1402.

The AUSF 1422 may store data for authentication of UE 1401 and handle authentication-related functionality. The AUSF 1422 may facilitate a common authentication framework for various access types. The AUSF 1422 may communicate with the AMF 1421 via an N12 reference point between the AMF 1421 and the AUSF 1422; and may communicate with the UDM 1427 via an N13 reference point between the UDM 1427 and the AUSF 1422. Additionally, the AUSF 1422 may exhibit an Nausf service-based interface.

The AMF 1421 may be responsible for registration management (e.g., for registering UE 1401, etc.), connection management, reachability management, mobility management, and lawful interception of AMF-related events, and access authentication and authorization. The AMF 1421 may be a termination point for the an N11 reference point between the AMF 1421 and the SMF 1424. The AMF 1421 may provide transport for SM messages between the UE 1401 and the SMF 1424, and act as a transparent proxy for routing SM messages. AMF 1421 may also provide transport for SMS messages between UE 1401 and an SMSF (not shown by FIG. 14). AMF 1421 may act as SEAF, which may include interaction with the AUSF 1422 and the UE 1401, receipt of an intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 1401 authentication process. Where USIM based authentication is used, the AMF 1421 may retrieve the security material from the AUSF 1422. AMF 1421 may also include a SCM function, which receives a key from the SEA that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. Furthermore, AMF 1421 may be a termination point of a RAN CP interface, which may include or be an N2 reference point between the (R)AN 1410 and the AMF 1421; and the AMF 1421 may be a termination point of NAS (N1) signalling, and perform NAS ciphering and integrity protection.

AMF 1421 may also support NAS signalling with a UE 1401 over an N3 IWF interface. The N3IWF may be used to provide access to untrusted entities. N3IWF may be a termination point for the N2 interface between the (R)AN 1410 and the AMF 1421 for the control plane, and may be a termination point for the N3 reference point between the (R)AN 1410 and the UPF 1402 for the user plane. As such, the AMF 1421 may handle N2 signalling from the SMF 1424 and the AMF 1421 for PDU sessions and QoS, encapsulate/de-encapsulate packets for IPSec and N3 tunnelling, mark N3 user-plane packets in the uplink, and enforce QoS corresponding to N3 packet marking taking into account QoS requirements associated with such marking received over N2. N3IWF may also relay uplink and downlink control-plane NAS signalling between the UE 1401 and AMF 1421 via an N1 reference point between the UE 1401 and the AMF 1421, and relay uplink and downlink user-plane packets between the UE 1401 and UPF 1402. The N3IWF also provides mechanisms for IPsec tunnel establishment with the UE 1401. The AMF 1421 may exhibit an Namf service-based interface, and may be a termination point for an N14 reference point between two AMFs 1421 and an N17 reference point between the AMF 1421 and a 5G-EIR (not shown by FIG. 14).

The UE 1401 may need to register with the AMF 1421 in order to receive network services. RM is used to register or deregister the UE 1401 with the network (e.g., AMF 1421), and establish a UE context in the network (e.g., AMF 1421). The UE 1401 may operate in an RM-REGISTERED state or an RM-DEREGISTERED state. In the RM-DEREGISTERED state, the UE 1401 is not registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF 1421 holds no valid location or routing information for the UE 1401 so the UE 1401 is not reachable by the AMF 1421. In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE 1401 is registered with the network, and the UE context in AMF 1421 may hold a valid location or routing information for the UE 1401 so the UE 1401 is reachable by the AMF 1421. In the RM-REGISTERED state, the UE 1401 may perform mobility Registration Update procedures, perform periodic Registration Update procedures triggered by expiration of the periodic update timer (e.g., to notify the network that the UE 1401 is still active), and perform a Registration Update procedure to update UE capability information or to re-negotiate protocol parameters with the network, among others.

The AMF 1421 may store one or more RM contexts for the UE 1401, where each RM context is associated with a specific access to the network. The RM context may be a data structure, database object, etc. that indicates or stores, inter alia, a registration state per access type and the periodic update timer. The AMF 1421 may also store a 5GC MM context that may be the same or similar to the (E)MM context discussed previously. In various embodiments, the AMF 1421 may store a CE mode B Restriction parameter of the UE 1401 in an associated MM context or RM context. The AMF 1421 may also derive the value, when needed, from the UE's usage setting parameter already stored in the UE context (and/or MM/RM context).

CM may be used to establish and release a signaling connection between the UE 1401 and the AMF 1421 over the N1 interface. The signaling connection is used to enable NAS signaling exchange between the UE 1401 and the CN 1420, and comprises both the signaling connection between the UE and the AN (e.g., RRC connection or UE-N3IWF connection for non-3GPP access) and the N2 connection for the UE 1401 between the AN (e.g., RAN 1410) and the AMF 1421. The UE 1401 may operate in one of two CM states, CM-IDLE mode or CM-CONNECTED mode. When the UE 1401 is operating in the CM-IDLE state/mode, the UE 1401 may have no NAS signaling connection established with the AMF 1421 over the N1 interface, and there may be (R)AN 1410 signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE 1401. When the UE 1401 is operating in the CM-CONNECTED state/mode, the UE 1401 may have an established NAS signaling connection with the AMF 1421 over the N1 interface, and there may be a (R)AN 1410 signaling connection (e.g., N2 and/or N3 connections) for the UE 1401. Establishment of an N2 connection between the (R)AN 1410 and the AMF 1421 may cause the UE 1401 to transition from CM-IDLE mode to CM-CONNECTED mode, and the UE 1401 may transition from the CM-CONNECTED mode to the CM-IDLE mode when N2 signaling between the (R)AN 1410 and the AMF 1421 is released.

The SMF 1424 may be responsible for SM (e.g., session establishment, modify and release, including tunnel maintain between UPF and AN node); UE IP address allocation and management (including optional authorization); selection and control of UP function; configuring traffic steering at UPF to route traffic to proper destination; termination of interfaces toward policy control functions; controlling part of policy enforcement and QoS; lawful intercept (for SM events and interface to LI system); termination of SM parts of NAS messages; downlink data notification; initiating AN specific SM information, sent via AMF over N2 to AN; and determining SSC mode of a session. SM may refer to management of a PDU session, and a PDU session or “session” may refer to a PDU connectivity service that provides or enables the exchange of PDUs between a UE 1401 and a data network (DN) 1403 identified by a Data Network Name (DNN). PDU sessions may be established upon UE 1401 request, modified upon UE 1401 and 5GC 1420 request, and released upon UE 1401 and 5GC 1420 request using NAS SM signaling exchanged over the N1 reference point between the UE 1401 and the SMF 1424. Upon request from an application server, the 5GC 1420 may trigger a specific application in the UE 1401. In response to receipt of the trigger message, the UE 1401 may pass the trigger message (or relevant parts/information of the trigger message) to one or more identified applications in the UE 1401. The identified application(s) in the UE 1401 may establish a PDU session to a specific DNN. The SMF 1424 may check whether the UE 1401 requests are compliant with user subscription information associated with the UE 1401. In this regard, the SMF 1424 may retrieve and/or request to receive update notifications on SMF 1424 level subscription data from the UDM 1427.

The SMF 1424 may include the following roaming functionality: handling local enforcement to apply QoS SLAB (VPLMN); charging data collection and charging interface (VPLMN); lawful intercept (in VPLMN for SM events and interface to LI system); and support for interaction with external DN for transport of signalling for PDU session authorization/authentication by external DN. An N16 reference point between two SMFs 1424 may be included in the system 1400, which may be between another SMF 1424 in a visited network and the SMF 1424 in the home network in roaming scenarios. Additionally, the SMF 1424 may exhibit the Nsmf service-based interface.

The NEF 1423 may provide means for securely exposing the services and capabilities provided by 3GPP network functions for third party, internal exposure/re-exposure, Application Functions (e.g., AF 1428), edge computing or fog computing systems, etc. In such embodiments, the NEF 1423 may authenticate, authorize, and/or throttle the AFs. NEF 1423 may also translate information exchanged with the AF 1428 and information exchanged with internal network functions. For example, the NEF 1423 may translate between an AF-Service-Identifier and an internal 5GC information. NEF 1423 may also receive information from other network functions (NFs) based on exposed capabilities of other network functions. This information may be stored at the NEF 1423 as structured data, or at a data storage NF using standardized interfaces. The stored information can then be re-exposed by the NEF 1423 to other NFs and AFs, and/or used for other purposes such as analytics. Additionally, the NEF 1423 may exhibit an Nnef service-based interface.

The NRF 1425 may support service discovery functions, receive NF discovery requests from NF instances, and provide the information of the discovered NF instances to the NF instances. NRF 1425 also maintains information of available NF instances and their supported services. As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. Additionally, the NRF 1425 may exhibit the Nnrf service-based interface.

The PCF 1426 may provide policy rules to control plane function(s) to enforce them, and may also support unified policy framework to govern network behaviour. The PCF 1426 may also implement an FE to access subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a UDR of the UDM 1427. The PCF 1426 may communicate with the AMF 1421 via an N15 reference point between the PCF 1426 and the AMF 1421, which may include a PCF 1426 in a visited network and the AMF 1421 in case of roaming scenarios. The PCF 1426 may communicate with the AF 1428 via an N5 reference point between the PCF 1426 and the AF 1428; and with the SMF 1424 via an N7 reference point between the PCF 1426 and the SMF 1424. The system 1400 and/or CN 1420 may also include an N24 reference point between the PCF 1426 (in the home network) and a PCF 1426 in a visited network. Additionally, the PCF 1426 may exhibit an Npcf service-based interface.

The UDM 1427 may handle subscription-related information to support the network entities' handling of communication sessions, and may store subscription data of UE 1401. For example, subscription data may be communicated between the UDM 1427 and the AMF 1421 via an N8 reference point between the UDM 1427 and the AMF. The UDM 1427 may include two parts, an application FE and a UDR (the FE and UDR are not shown by FIG. 14). The UDR may store subscription data and policy data for the UDM 1427 and the PCF 1426, and/or structured data for exposure and application data (including PFDs for application detection, application request information for multiple UEs 1401) for the NEF 1423. The Nudr service-based interface may be exhibited by the UDR 221 to allow the UDM 1427, PCF 1426, and NEF 1423 to access a particular set of the stored data, as well as to read, update (e.g., add, modify), delete, and subscribe to notification of relevant data changes in the UDR. The UDM may include a UDM-FE, which is in charge of processing credentials, location management, subscription management and so on. Several different front ends may serve the same user in different transactions. The UDM-FE accesses subscription information stored in the UDR and performs authentication credential processing, user identification handling, access authorization, registration/mobility management, and subscription management. The UDR may interact with the SMF 1424 via an N10 reference point between the UDM 1427 and the SMF 1424. UDM 1427 may also support SMS management, wherein an SMS-FE implements the similar application logic as discussed previously. Additionally, the UDM 1427 may exhibit the Nudm service-based interface.

The AF 1428 may provide application influence on traffic routing, provide access to the NCE, and interact with the policy framework for policy control. The NCE may be a mechanism that allows the 5GC 1420 and AF 1428 to provide information to each other via NEF 1423, which may be used for edge computing implementations. In such implementations, the network operator and third party services may be hosted close to the UE 1401 access point of attachment to achieve an efficient service delivery through the reduced end-to-end latency and load on the transport network. For edge computing implementations, the 5GC may select a UPF 1402 close to the UE 1401 and execute traffic steering from the UPF 1402 to DN 1403 via the N6 interface. This may be based on the UE subscription data, UE location, and information provided by the AF 1428. In this way, the AF 1428 may influence UPF (re)selection and traffic routing. Based on operator deployment, when AF 1428 is considered to be a trusted entity, the network operator may permit AF 1428 to interact directly with relevant NFs. Additionally, the AF 1428 may exhibit an Naf service-based interface.

The NSSF 1429 may select a set of network slice instances serving the UE 1401. The NSSF 1429 may also determine allowed NSSAI and the mapping to the subscribed S-NSSAIs, if needed. The NSSF 1429 may also determine the AMF set to be used to serve the UE 1401, or a list of candidate AMF(s) 1421 based on a suitable configuration and possibly by querying the NRF 1425. The selection of a set of network slice instances for the UE 1401 may be triggered by the AMF 1421 with which the UE 1401 is registered by interacting with the NSSF 1429, which may lead to a change of AMF 1421. The NSSF 1429 may interact with the AMF 1421 via an N22 reference point between AMF 1421 and NSSF 1429; and may communicate with another NSSF 1429 in a visited network via an N31 reference point (not shown by FIG. 14). Additionally, the NSSF 1429 may exhibit an Nnssf service-based interface.

As discussed previously, the CN 1420 may include an SMSF, which may be responsible for SMS subscription checking and verification, and relaying SM messages to/from the UE 1401 to/from other entities, such as an SMS-GMSC/IWMSC/SMS-router. The SMS may also interact with AMF 1421 and UDM 1427 for a notification procedure that the UE 1401 is available for SMS transfer (e.g., set a UE not reachable flag, and notifying UDM 1427 when UE 1401 is available for SMS).

The CN 120 may also include other elements that are not shown by FIG. 14, such as a Data Storage system/architecture, a 5G-EIR, a SEPP, and the like. The Data Storage system may include a SDSF, an UDSF, and/or the like. Any NF may store and retrieve unstructured data into/from the UDSF (e.g., UE contexts), via N18 reference point between any NF and the UDSF (not shown by FIG. 14). Individual NFs may share a UDSF for storing their respective unstructured data or individual NFs may each have their own UDSF located at or near the individual NFs. Additionally, the UDSF may exhibit an Nudsf service-based interface (not shown by FIG. 14). The 5G-EIR may be an NF that checks the status of PEI for determining whether particular equipment/entities are blacklisted from the network; and the SEPP may be a non-transparent proxy that performs topology hiding, message filtering, and policing on inter-PLMN control plane interfaces.

Additionally, there may be many more reference points and/or service-based interfaces between the NF services in the NFs; however, these interfaces and reference points have been omitted from FIG. 14 for clarity. In one example, the CN 1420 may include an Nx interface, which is an inter-CN interface between the MME (e.g., MME 1321) and the AMF 1421 in order to enable interworking between CN 1420 and CN 1320. Other example interfaces/reference points may include an N5g-EIR service-based interface exhibited by a 5G-EIR, an N27 reference point between the NRF in the visited network and the NRF in the home network; and an N31 reference point between the NSSF in the visited network and the NSSF in the home network.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example of infrastructure equipment 1500 in accordance with various embodiments. The infrastructure equipment 1500 (or “system 1500”) may be implemented as a base station, radio head, RAN node such as the RAN nodes 1211 and/or AP 1206 shown and described previously, application server(s) 1230, and/or any other element/device discussed herein. In other examples, the system 1500 could be implemented in or by a UE.

The system 1500 includes application circuitry 1505, baseband circuitry 1510, one or more radio front end modules (RFEMs) 1515, memory circuitry 1520, power management integrated circuitry (PMIC) 1525, power tee circuitry 1530, network controller circuitry 1535, network interface connector 1540, satellite positioning circuitry 1545, and user interface 1550. In some embodiments, the device 1500 may include additional elements such as, for example, memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, or input/output (I/O) interface. In other embodiments, the components described below may be included in more than one device. For example, said circuitries may be separately included in more than one device for CRAN, vBBU, or other like implementations.

Application circuitry 1505 includes circuitry such as, but not limited to one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, and one or more of low drop-out voltage regulators (LDOs), interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I²C or universal programmable serial interface module, real time clock (RTC), timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose input/output (I/O or IO), memory card controllers such as Secure Digital (SD) MultiMediaCard (MMC) or similar, Universal Serial Bus (USB) interfaces, Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI) interfaces and Joint Test Access Group (JTAG) test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry 1505 may be coupled with or may include memory/storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system 1500. In some implementations, the memory/storage elements may be on-chip memory circuitry, which may include any suitable volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, and/or any other type of memory device technology, such as those discussed herein.

The processor(s) of application circuitry 1505 may include, for example, one or more processor cores (CPUs), one or more application processors, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, one or more Acorn RISC Machine (ARM) processors, one or more complex instruction set computing (CISC) processors, one or more digital signal processors (DSP), one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, or any suitable combination thereof. In some embodiments, the application circuitry 1505 may comprise, or may be, a special-purpose processor/controller to operate according to the various embodiments herein. As examples, the processor(s) of application circuitry 1505 may include one or more Intel Pentium®, Core®, or Xeon® processor(s); Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s), Accelerated Processing Units (APUs), or Epyc® processors; ARM-based processor(s) licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd. such as the ARM Cortex-A family of processors and the ThunderX2® provided by Cavium™, Inc.; a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc. such as MIPS Warrior P-class processors; and/or the like. In some embodiments, the system 1500 may not utilize application circuitry 1505, and instead may include a special-purpose processor/controller to process IP data received from an EPC or 5GC, for example.

In some implementations, the application circuitry 1505 may include one or more hardware accelerators, which may be microprocessors, programmable processing devices, or the like. The one or more hardware accelerators may include, for example, computer vision (CV) and/or deep learning (DL) accelerators. As examples, the programmable processing devices may be one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such implementations, the circuitry of application circuitry 1505 may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry 1505 may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in look-up-tables (LUTs) and the like.

The baseband circuitry 1510 may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry 1510 are discussed infra with regard to FIG. 17.

User interface circuitry 1550 may include one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the system 1500 or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the system 1500. User interfaces may include, but are not limited to, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), one or more indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)), a physical keyboard or keypad, a mouse, a touchpad, a touchscreen, speakers or other audio emitting devices, microphones, a printer, a scanner, a headset, a display screen or display device, etc. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a nonvolatile memory port, a universal serial bus (USB) port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc.

The radio front end modules (RFEMs) 1515 may comprise a millimeter wave (mmWave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see e.g., antenna array 1711 of FIG. 17 infra), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM 1515, which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave.

The memory circuitry 1520 may include one or more of volatile memory including dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), etc., and may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®. Memory circuitry 1520 may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, socketed memory modules and plug-in memory cards.

The PMIC 1525 may include voltage regulators, surge protectors, power alarm detection circuitry, and one or more backup power sources such as a battery or capacitor. The power alarm detection circuitry may detect one or more of brown out (under-voltage) and surge (over-voltage) conditions. The power tee circuitry 1530 may provide for electrical power drawn from a network cable to provide both power supply and data connectivity to the infrastructure equipment 1500 using a single cable.

The network controller circuitry 1535 may provide connectivity to a network using a standard network interface protocol such as Ethernet, Ethernet over GRE Tunnels, Ethernet over Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), or some other suitable protocol. Network connectivity may be provided to/from the infrastructure equipment 1500 via network interface connector 1540 using a physical connection, which may be electrical (commonly referred to as a “copper interconnect”), optical, or wireless. The network controller circuitry 1535 may include one or more dedicated processors and/or FPGAs to communicate using one or more of the aforementioned protocols. In some implementations, the network controller circuitry 1535 may include multiple controllers to provide connectivity to other networks using the same or different protocols.

The positioning circuitry 1545 includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted/broadcasted by a positioning network of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Examples of navigation satellite constellations (or GNSS) include United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), Russia's Global Navigation System (GLONASS), the European Union's Galileo system, China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., Navigation with Indian Constellation (NAVIC), Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), France's Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS), etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry 1545 comprises various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some embodiments, the positioning circuitry 1545 may include a Micro-Technology for Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (Micro-PNT) IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking/estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry 1545 may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry 1510 and/or RFEMs 1515 to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry 1545 may also provide position data and/or time data to the application circuitry 1505, which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., RAN nodes 1211, etc.), or the like.

The components shown by FIG. 15 may communicate with one another using interface circuitry, which may include any number of bus and/or interconnect (IX) technologies such as industry standard architecture (ISA), extended ISA (EISA), peripheral component interconnect (PCI), peripheral component interconnect extended (PCIx), PCI express (PCIe), or any number of other technologies. The bus/IX may be a proprietary bus, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus/IX systems may be included, such as an I²C interface, an SPI interface, point to point interfaces, and a power bus, among others.

FIG. 16 illustrates an example of a platform 1600 (or “device 1600”) in accordance with various embodiments. In embodiments, the computer platform 1600 may be suitable for use as UEs 1201, 1301, application servers 1230, and/or any other element/device discussed herein. The platform 1600 may include any combinations of the components shown in the example. The components of platform 1600 may be implemented as integrated circuits (ICs), portions thereof, discrete electronic devices, or other modules, logic, hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof adapted in the computer platform 1600, or as components otherwise incorporated within a chassis of a larger system. The block diagram of FIG. 16 is intended to show a high level view of components of the computer platform 1600. However, some of the components shown may be omitted, additional components may be present, and different arrangement of the components shown may occur in other implementations.

Application circuitry 1605 includes circuitry such as, but not limited to one or more processors (or processor cores), cache memory, and one or more of LDOs, interrupt controllers, serial interfaces such as SPI, I²C or universal programmable serial interface module, RTC, timer-counters including interval and watchdog timers, general purpose I/O, memory card controllers such as SD MMC or similar, USB interfaces, MIPI interfaces, and JTAG test access ports. The processors (or cores) of the application circuitry 1605 may be coupled with or may include memory/storage elements and may be configured to execute instructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applications or operating systems to run on the system 1600. In some implementations, the memory/storage elements may be on-chip memory circuitry, which may include any suitable volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash memory, solid-state memory, and/or any other type of memory device technology, such as those discussed herein.

The processor(s) of application circuitry 1505 may include, for example, one or more processor cores, one or more application processors, one or more GPUs, one or more RISC processors, one or more ARM processors, one or more CISC processors, one or more DSP, one or more FPGAs, one or more PLDs, one or more ASICs, one or more microprocessors or controllers, a multithreaded processor, an ultra-low voltage processor, an embedded processor, some other known processing element, or any suitable combination thereof. In some embodiments, the application circuitry 1505 may comprise, or may be, a special-purpose processor/controller to operate according to the various embodiments herein.

As examples, the processor(s) of application circuitry 1605 may include an Intel® Architecture Core™ based processor, such as a Quark™, an Atom™, an i3, an i5, an i7, or an MCU-class processor, or another such processor available from Intel® Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif. The processors of the application circuitry 1605 may also be one or more of Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) Ryzen® processor(s) or Accelerated Processing Units (APUs); A5-A9 processor(s) from Apple® Inc., Snapdragon™ processor(s) from Qualcomm® Technologies, Inc., Texas Instruments, Inc.® Open Multimedia Applications Platform (OMAP)™ processor(s); a MIPS-based design from MIPS Technologies, Inc. such as MIPS Warrior M-class, Warrior I-class, and Warrior P-class processors; an ARM-based design licensed from ARM Holdings, Ltd., such as the ARM Cortex-A, Cortex-R, and Cortex-M family of processors; or the like. In some implementations, the application circuitry 1605 may be a part of a system on a chip (SoC) in which the application circuitry 1605 and other components are formed into a single integrated circuit, or a single package, such as the Edison™ or Galileo™ SoC boards from Intel® Corporation.

Additionally or alternatively, application circuitry 1605 may include circuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more a field-programmable devices (FPDs) such as FPGAs and the like; programmable logic devices (PLDs) such as complex PLDs (CPLDs), high-capacity PLDs (HCPLDs), and the like; ASICs such as structured ASICs and the like; programmable SoCs (PSoCs); and the like. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry 1605 may comprise logic blocks or logic fabric, and other interconnected resources that may be programmed to perform various functions, such as the procedures, methods, functions, etc. of the various embodiments discussed herein. In such embodiments, the circuitry of application circuitry 1605 may include memory cells (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, static memory (e.g., static random access memory (SRAM), anti-fuses, etc.)) used to store logic blocks, logic fabric, data, etc. in look-up tables (LUTs) and the like.

The baseband circuitry 1610 may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits, a single packaged integrated circuit soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more integrated circuits. The various hardware electronic elements of baseband circuitry 1610 are discussed infra with regard to FIG. 17.

The RFEMs 1615 may comprise a millimeter wave (mmWave) RFEM and one or more sub-mmWave radio frequency integrated circuits (RFICs). In some implementations, the one or more sub-mmWave RFICs may be physically separated from the mmWave RFEM. The RFICs may include connections to one or more antennas or antenna arrays (see e.g., antenna array 1711 of FIG. 17 infra), and the RFEM may be connected to multiple antennas. In alternative implementations, both mmWave and sub-mmWave radio functions may be implemented in the same physical RFEM 1615, which incorporates both mmWave antennas and sub-mmWave.

The memory circuitry 1620 may include any number and type of memory devices used to provide for a given amount of system memory. As examples, the memory circuitry 1620 may include one or more of volatile memory including random access memory (RAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM) and/or synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), and nonvolatile memory (NVM) including high-speed electrically erasable memory (commonly referred to as Flash memory), phase change random access memory (PRAM), magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), etc. The memory circuitry 1620 may be developed in accordance with a Joint Electron Devices Engineering Council (JEDEC) low power double data rate (LPDDR)-based design, such as LPDDR2, LPDDR3, LPDDR4, or the like. Memory circuitry 1620 may be implemented as one or more of solder down packaged integrated circuits, single die package (SDP), dual die package (DDP) or quad die package (Q17P), socketed memory modules, dual inline memory modules (DIMMs) including microDIMMs or MiniDIMMs, and/or soldered onto a motherboard via a ball grid array (BGA). In low power implementations, the memory circuitry 1620 may be on-die memory or registers associated with the application circuitry 1605. To provide for persistent storage of information such as data, applications, operating systems and so forth, memory circuitry 1620 may include one or more mass storage devices, which may include, inter alia, a solid state disk drive (SSDD), hard disk drive (HDD), a micro HDD, resistance change memories, phase change memories, holographic memories, or chemical memories, among others. For example, the computer platform 1600 may incorporate the three-dimensional (3D) cross-point (XPOINT) memories from Intel® and Micron®.

Removable memory circuitry 1623 may include devices, circuitry, enclosures/housings, ports or receptacles, etc. used to couple portable data storage devices with the platform 1600. These portable data storage devices may be used for mass storage purposes, and may include, for example, flash memory cards (e.g., Secure Digital (SD) cards, microSD cards, xD picture cards, and the like), and USB flash drives, optical discs, external HDDs, and the like.

The platform 1600 may also include interface circuitry (not shown) that is used to connect external devices with the platform 1600. The external devices connected to the platform 1600 via the interface circuitry include sensor circuitry 1621 and electro-mechanical components (EMCs) 1622, as well as removable memory devices coupled to removable memory circuitry 1623.

The sensor circuitry 1621 include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to detect events or changes in its environment and send the information (sensor data) about the detected events to some other a device, module, subsystem, etc. Examples of such sensors include, inter alia, inertia measurement units (IMUS) comprising accelerometers, gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) or nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) comprising 3-axis accelerometers, 3-axis gyroscopes, and/or magnetometers; level sensors; flow sensors; temperature sensors (e.g., thermistors); pressure sensors; barometric pressure sensors; gravimeters; altimeters; image capture devices (e.g., cameras or lensless apertures); light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensors; proximity sensors (e.g., infrared radiation detector and the like), depth sensors, ambient light sensors, ultrasonic transceivers; microphones or other like audio capture devices; etc.

EMCs 1622 include devices, modules, or subsystems whose purpose is to enable platform 1600 to change its state, position, and/or orientation, or move or control a mechanism or (sub)system. Additionally, EMCs 1622 may be configured to generate and send messages/signalling to other components of the platform 1600 to indicate a current state of the EMCs 1622. Examples of the EMCs 1622 include one or more power switches, relays including electromechanical relays (EMRs) and/or solid state relays (SSRs), actuators (e.g., valve actuators, etc.), an audible sound generator, a visual warning device, motors (e.g., DC motors, stepper motors, etc.), wheels, thrusters, propellers, claws, clamps, hooks, and/or other like electro-mechanical components. In embodiments, platform 1600 is configured to operate one or more EMCs 1622 based on one or more captured events and/or instructions or control signals received from a service provider and/or various clients.

In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform 1600 with positioning circuitry 1645. The positioning circuitry 1645 includes circuitry to receive and decode signals transmitted/broadcasted by a positioning network of a GNSS. Examples of navigation satellite constellations (or GNSS) include United States' GPS, Russia's GLONASS, the European Union's Galileo system, China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, a regional navigation system or GNSS augmentation system (e.g., NAVIC), Japan's QZSS, France's DORIS, etc.), or the like. The positioning circuitry 1645 comprises various hardware elements (e.g., including hardware devices such as switches, filters, amplifiers, antenna elements, and the like to facilitate OTA communications) to communicate with components of a positioning network, such as navigation satellite constellation nodes. In some embodiments, the positioning circuitry 1645 may include a Micro-PNT IC that uses a master timing clock to perform position tracking/estimation without GNSS assistance. The positioning circuitry 1645 may also be part of, or interact with, the baseband circuitry 1510 and/or RFEMs 1615 to communicate with the nodes and components of the positioning network. The positioning circuitry 1645 may also provide position data and/or time data to the application circuitry 1605, which may use the data to synchronize operations with various infrastructure (e.g., radio base stations), for turn-by-turn navigation applications, or the like

In some implementations, the interface circuitry may connect the platform 1600 with Near-Field Communication (NFC) circuitry 1640. NFC circuitry 1640 is configured to provide contactless, short-range communications based on radio frequency identification (RFID) standards, wherein magnetic field induction is used to enable communication between NFC circuitry 1640 and NFC-enabled devices external to the platform 1600 (e.g., an “NFC touchpoint”). NFC circuitry 1640 comprises an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processor coupled with the NFC controller. The NFC controller may be a chip/IC providing NFC functionalities to the NFC circuitry 1640 by executing NFC controller firmware and an NFC stack. The NFC stack may be executed by the processor to control the NFC controller, and the NFC controller firmware may be executed by the NFC controller to control the antenna element to emit short-range RF signals. The RF signals may power a passive NFC tag (e.g., a microchip embedded in a sticker or wristband) to transmit stored data to the NFC circuitry 1640, or initiate data transfer between the NFC circuitry 1640 and another active NFC device (e.g., a smartphone or an NFC-enabled POS terminal) that is proximate to the platform 1600.

The driver circuitry 1646 may include software and hardware elements that operate to control particular devices that are embedded in the platform 1600, attached to the platform 1600, or otherwise communicatively coupled with the platform 1600. The driver circuitry 1646 may include individual drivers allowing other components of the platform 1600 to interact with or control various input/output (I/O) devices that may be present within, or connected to, the platform 1600. For example, driver circuitry 1646 may include a display driver to control and allow access to a display device, a touchscreen driver to control and allow access to a touchscreen interface of the platform 1600, sensor drivers to obtain sensor readings of sensor circuitry 1621 and control and allow access to sensor circuitry 1621, EMC drivers to obtain actuator positions of the EMCs 1622 and/or control and allow access to the EMCs 1622, a camera driver to control and allow access to an embedded image capture device, audio drivers to control and allow access to one or more audio devices.

The power management integrated circuitry (PMIC) 1625 (also referred to as “power management circuitry 1625”) may manage power provided to various components of the platform 1600. In particular, with respect to the baseband circuitry 1610, the PMIC 1625 may control power-source selection, voltage scaling, battery charging, or DC-to-DC conversion. The PMIC 1625 may often be included when the platform 1600 is capable of being powered by a battery 1630, for example, when the device is included in a UE 1201, 1301.

In some embodiments, the PMIC 1625 may control, or otherwise be part of, various power saving mechanisms of the platform 1600. For example, if the platform 1600 is in an RRC_Connected state, where it is still connected to the RAN node as it expects to receive traffic shortly, then it may enter a state known as Discontinuous Reception Mode (DRX) after a period of inactivity. During this state, the platform 1600 may power down for brief intervals of time and thus save power. If there is no data traffic activity for an extended period of time, then the platform 1600 may transition off to an RRC_Idle state, where it disconnects from the network and does not perform operations such as channel quality feedback, handover, etc. The platform 1600 goes into a very low power state and it performs paging where again it periodically wakes up to listen to the network and then powers down again. The platform 1600 may not receive data in this state; in order to receive data, it must transition back to RRC_Connected state. An additional power saving mode may allow a device to be unavailable to the network for periods longer than a paging interval (ranging from seconds to a few hours). During this time, the device is totally unreachable to the network and may power down completely. Any data sent during this time incurs a large delay and it is assumed the delay is acceptable.

A battery 1630 may power the platform 1600, although in some examples the platform 1600 may be mounted deployed in a fixed location, and may have a power supply coupled to an electrical grid. The battery 1630 may be a lithium ion battery, a metal-air battery, such as a zinc-air battery, an aluminum-air battery, a lithium-air battery, and the like. In some implementations, such as in V2X applications, the battery 1630 may be a typical lead-acid automotive battery.

In some implementations, the battery 1630 may be a “smart battery,” which includes or is coupled with a Battery Management System (BMS) or battery monitoring integrated circuitry. The BMS may be included in the platform 1600 to track the state of charge (SoCh) of the battery 1630. The BMS may be used to monitor other parameters of the battery 1630 to provide failure predictions, such as the state of health (SoH) and the state of function (SoF) of the battery 1630. The BMS may communicate the information of the battery 1630 to the application circuitry 1605 or other components of the platform 1600. The BMS may also include an analog-to-digital (ADC) convertor that allows the application circuitry 1605 to directly monitor the voltage of the battery 1630 or the current flow from the battery 1630. The battery parameters may be used to determine actions that the platform 1600 may perform, such as transmission frequency, network operation, sensing frequency, and the like.

A power block, or other power supply coupled to an electrical grid may be coupled with the BMS to charge the battery 1630. In some examples, the power block XS30 may be replaced with a wireless power receiver to obtain the power wirelessly, for example, through a loop antenna in the computer platform 1600. In these examples, a wireless battery charging circuit may be included in the BMS. The specific charging circuits chosen may depend on the size of the battery 1630, and thus, the current required. The charging may be performed using the Airfuel standard promulgated by the Airfuel Alliance, the Qi wireless charging standard promulgated by the Wireless Power Consortium, or the Rezence charging standard promulgated by the Alliance for Wireless Power, among others.

User interface circuitry 1650 includes various input/output (I/O) devices present within, or connected to, the platform 1600, and includes one or more user interfaces designed to enable user interaction with the platform 1600 and/or peripheral component interfaces designed to enable peripheral component interaction with the platform 1600. The user interface circuitry 1650 includes input device circuitry and output device circuitry. Input device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for accepting an input including, inter alia, one or more physical or virtual buttons (e.g., a reset button), a physical keyboard, keypad, mouse, touchpad, touchscreen, microphones, scanner, headset, and/or the like. The output device circuitry includes any physical or virtual means for showing information or otherwise conveying information, such as sensor readings, actuator position(s), or other like information. Output device circuitry may include any number and/or combinations of audio or visual display, including, inter alia, one or more simple visual outputs/indicators (e.g., binary status indicators (e.g., light emitting diodes (LEDs)) and multi-character visual outputs, or more complex outputs such as display devices or touchscreens (e.g., Liquid Chrystal Displays (LCD), LED displays, quantum dot displays, projectors, etc.), with the output of characters, graphics, multimedia objects, and the like being generated or produced from the operation of the platform 1600. The output device circuitry may also include speakers or other audio emitting devices, printer(s), and/or the like. In some embodiments, the sensor circuitry 1621 may be used as the input device circuitry (e.g., an image capture device, motion capture device, or the like) and one or more EMCs may be used as the output device circuitry (e.g., an actuator to provide haptic feedback or the like). In another example, NFC circuitry comprising an NFC controller coupled with an antenna element and a processing device may be included to read electronic tags and/or connect with another NFC-enabled device. Peripheral component interfaces may include, but are not limited to, a non-volatile memory port, a USB port, an audio jack, a power supply interface, etc.

Although not shown, the components of platform 1600 may communicate with one another using a suitable bus or interconnect (IX) technology, which may include any number of technologies, including ISA, EISA, PCI, PCIx, PCIe, a Time-Trigger Protocol (TTP) system, a FlexRay system, or any number of other technologies. The bus/IX may be a proprietary bus/IX, for example, used in a SoC based system. Other bus/IX systems may be included, such as an I²C interface, an SPI interface, point-to-point interfaces, and a power bus, among others.

FIG. 17 illustrates example components of baseband circuitry 1710 and radio front end modules (RFEM) 1715 in accordance with various embodiments. The baseband circuitry 1710 corresponds to the baseband circuitry 1510 and 1610 of FIGS. 15 and 16, respectively. The RFEM 1715 corresponds to the RFEM 1515 and 1615 of FIGS. 15 and 16, respectively. As shown, the RFEMs 1715 may include Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry 1706, front-end module (FEM) circuitry 1708, antenna array 1711 coupled together at least as shown.

The baseband circuitry 1710 includes circuitry and/or control logic configured to carry out various radio/network protocol and radio control functions that enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RF circuitry 1706. The radio control functions may include, but are not limited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radio frequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulation circuitry of the baseband circuitry 1710 may include Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT), precoding, or constellation mapping/demapping functionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of the baseband circuitry 1710 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution, turbo, Viterbi, or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoder functionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulation and encoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and may include other suitable functionality in other embodiments. The baseband circuitry 1710 is configured to process baseband signals received from a receive signal path of the RF circuitry 1706 and to generate baseband signals for a transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 1706. The baseband circuitry 1710 is configured to interface with application circuitry 1505/1605 (see FIGS. 15 and 16) for generation and processing of the baseband signals and for controlling operations of the RF circuitry 1706. The baseband circuitry 1710 may handle various radio control functions.

The aforementioned circuitry and/or control logic of the baseband circuitry 1710 may include one or more single or multi-core processors. For example, the one or more processors may include a 3G baseband processor 1704A, a 4G/LTE baseband processor 1704B, a 5G/NR baseband processor 1704C, or some other baseband processor(s) 1704D for other existing generations, generations in development or to be developed in the future (e.g., sixth generation (6G), etc.). In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 1704A-D may be included in modules stored in the memory 1704G and executed via a Central Processing Unit (CPU) 1704E. In other embodiments, some or all of the functionality of baseband processors 1704A-D may be provided as hardware accelerators (e.g., FPGAs, ASICs, etc.) loaded with the appropriate bit streams or logic blocks stored in respective memory cells. In various embodiments, the memory 1704G may store program code of a real-time OS (RTOS), which when executed by the CPU 1704E (or other baseband processor), is to cause the CPU 1704E (or other baseband processor) to manage resources of the baseband circuitry 1710, schedule tasks, etc. Examples of the RTOS may include Operating System Embedded (OSE)™ provided by Enea®, Nucleus RTOS™ provided by Mentor Graphics®, Versatile Real-Time Executive (VRTX) provided by Mentor Graphics®, ThreadX™ provided by Express Logic®, FreeRTOS, REX OS provided by Qualcomm®, OKL4 provided by Open Kernel (OK) Labs®, or any other suitable RTOS, such as those discussed herein. In addition, the baseband circuitry 1710 includes one or more audio digital signal processor(s) (DSP) 1704F. The audio DSP(s) 1704F include elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation and may include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments.

In some embodiments, each of the processors 1704A-1704E include respective memory interfaces to send/receive data to/from the memory 1704G. The baseband circuitry 1710 may further include one or more interfaces to communicatively couple to other circuitries/devices, such as an interface to send/receive data to/from memory external to the baseband circuitry 1710; an application circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from the application circuitry 1505/1605 of FIGS. 15-17); an RF circuitry interface to send/receive data to/from RF circuitry 1706 of FIG. 17; a wireless hardware connectivity interface to send/receive data to/from one or more wireless hardware elements (e.g., Near Field Communication (NFC) components, Bluetooth®/Bluetooth® Low Energy components, Wi-Fi® components, and/or the like); and a power management interface to send/receive power or control signals to/from the PMIC 1625.

In alternate embodiments (which may be combined with the above described embodiments), baseband circuitry 1710 comprises one or more digital baseband systems, which are coupled with one another via an interconnect subsystem and to a CPU subsystem, an audio subsystem, and an interface subsystem. The digital baseband subsystems may also be coupled to a digital baseband interface and a mixed-signal baseband subsystem via another interconnect subsystem. Each of the interconnect subsystems may include a bus system, point-to-point connections, network-on-chip (NOC) structures, and/or some other suitable bus or interconnect technology, such as those discussed herein. The audio subsystem may include DSP circuitry, buffer memory, program memory, speech processing accelerator circuitry, data converter circuitry such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converter circuitry, analog circuitry including one or more of amplifiers and filters, and/or other like components. In an aspect of the present disclosure, baseband circuitry 1710 may include protocol processing circuitry with one or more instances of control circuitry (not shown) to provide control functions for the digital baseband circuitry and/or radio frequency circuitry (e.g., the radio front end modules 1715).

Although not shown by FIG. 17, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 1710 includes individual processing device(s) to operate one or more wireless communication protocols (e.g., a “multi-protocol baseband processor” or “protocol processing circuitry”) and individual processing device(s) to implement PHY layer functions. In these embodiments, the PHY layer functions include the aforementioned radio control functions. In these embodiments, the protocol processing circuitry operates or implements various protocol layers/entities of one or more wireless communication protocols. In a first example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate LTE protocol entities and/or 5G/NR protocol entities when the baseband circuitry 1710 and/or RF circuitry 1706 are part of mmWave communication circuitry or some other suitable cellular communication circuitry. In the first example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate MAC, RLC, PDCP, SDAP, RRC, and NAS functions. In a second example, the protocol processing circuitry may operate one or more IEEE-based protocols when the baseband circuitry 1710 and/or RF circuitry 1706 are part of a Wi-Fi communication system. In the second example, the protocol processing circuitry would operate Wi-Fi MAC and logical link control (LLC) functions. The protocol processing circuitry may include one or more memory structures (e.g., 1704G) to store program code and data for operating the protocol functions, as well as one or more processing cores to execute the program code and perform various operations using the data. The baseband circuitry 1710 may also support radio communications for more than one wireless protocol.

The various hardware elements of the baseband circuitry 1710 discussed herein may be implemented, for example, as a solder-down substrate including one or more integrated circuits (ICs), a single packaged IC soldered to a main circuit board or a multi-chip module containing two or more ICs. In one example, the components of the baseband circuitry 1710 may be suitably combined in a single chip or chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board. In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 1710 and RF circuitry 1706 may be implemented together such as, for example, a system on a chip (SoC) or System-in-Package (SiP). In another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 1710 may be implemented as a separate SoC that is communicatively coupled with and RF circuitry 1706 (or multiple instances of RF circuitry 1706). In yet another example, some or all of the constituent components of the baseband circuitry 1710 and the application circuitry 1505/1605 may be implemented together as individual SoCs mounted to a same circuit board (e.g., a “multi-chip package”).

In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 1710 may provide for communication compatible with one or more radio technologies. For example, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 1710 may support communication with an E-UTRAN or other WMAN, a WLAN, a WPAN. Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry 1710 is configured to support radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may be referred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.

RF circuitry 1706 may enable communication with wireless networks using modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. In various embodiments, the RF circuitry 1706 may include switches, filters, amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wireless network. RF circuitry 1706 may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 1708 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry 1710. RF circuitry 1706 may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 1710 and provide RF output signals to the FEM circuitry 1708 for transmission.

In some embodiments, the receive signal path of the RF circuitry 1706 may include mixer circuitry 1706 a, amplifier circuitry 1706 b and filter circuitry 1706 c. In some embodiments, the transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 1706 may include filter circuitry 1706 c and mixer circuitry 1706 a. RF circuitry 1706 may also include synthesizer circuitry 1706 d for synthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 1706 a of the receive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1706 a of the receive signal path may be configured to down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 1708 based on the synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 1706 d. The amplifier circuitry 1706 b may be configured to amplify the down-converted signals and the filter circuitry 1706 c may be a low-pass filter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwanted signals from the down-converted signals to generate output baseband signals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the baseband circuitry 1710 for further processing. In some embodiments, the output baseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although this is not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 1706 a of the receive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1706 a of the transmit signal path may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on the synthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 1706 d to generate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 1708. The baseband signals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 1710 and may be filtered by filter circuitry 1706 c.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1706 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1706 a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadrature downconversion and upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1706 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1706 a of the transmit signal path may include two or more mixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley image rejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1706 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1706 a of the transmit signal path may be arranged for direct downconversion and direct upconversion, respectively. In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 1706 a of the receive signal path and the mixer circuitry 1706 a of the transmit signal path may be configured for super-heterodyne operation.

In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternate embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signals may be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RF circuitry 1706 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry 1710 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RF circuitry 1706.

In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may be provided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 1706 d may be a fractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although the scope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other types of frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizer circuitry 1706 d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequency multiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with a frequency divider.

The synthesizer circuitry 1706 d may be configured to synthesize an output frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 1706 a of the RF circuitry 1706 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 1706 d may be a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer.

In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Divider control input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 1710 or the application circuitry 1505/1605 depending on the desired output frequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may be determined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by the application circuitry 1505/1605.

Synthesizer circuitry 1706 d of the RF circuitry 1706 may include a divider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phase accumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulus divider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phase accumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured to divide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out) to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, the DLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phase detector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments, the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Nd equal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in the delay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to help ensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.

In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 1706 d may be configured to generate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in other embodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrier frequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrier frequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and divider circuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency with multiple different phases with respect to each other. In some embodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (fLO). In some embodiments, the RF circuitry 1706 may include an IQ/polar converter.

FEM circuitry 1708 may include a receive signal path, which may include circuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from antenna array 1711, amplify the received signals and provide the amplified versions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 1706 for further processing. FEM circuitry 1708 may also include a transmit signal path, which may include circuitry configured to amplify signals for transmission provided by the RF circuitry 1706 for transmission by one or more of antenna elements of antenna array 1711. In various embodiments, the amplification through the transmit or receive signal paths may be done solely in the RF circuitry 1706, solely in the FEM circuitry 1708, or in both the RF circuitry 1706 and the FEM circuitry 1708.

In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 1708 may include a TX/RX switch to switch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEM circuitry 1708 may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry 1708 may include an LNA to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplified received RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 1706). The transmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 1708 may include a power amplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RF circuitry 1706), and one or more filters to generate RF signals for subsequent transmission by one or more antenna elements of the antenna array 1711.

The antenna array 1711 comprises one or more antenna elements, each of which is configured convert electrical signals into radio waves to travel through the air and to convert received radio waves into electrical signals. For example, digital baseband signals provided by the baseband circuitry 1710 is converted into analog RF signals (e.g., modulated waveform) that will be amplified and transmitted via the antenna elements of the antenna array 1711 including one or more antenna elements (not shown). The antenna elements may be omnidirectional, direction, or a combination thereof. The antenna elements may be formed in a multitude of arranges as are known and/or discussed herein. The antenna array 1711 may comprise microstrip antennas or printed antennas that are fabricated on the surface of one or more printed circuit boards. The antenna array 1711 may be formed in as a patch of metal foil (e.g., a patch antenna) in a variety of shapes, and may be coupled with the RF circuitry 1706 and/or FEM circuitry 1708 using metal transmission lines or the like.

Processors of the application circuitry 1505/1605 and processors of the baseband circuitry 1710 may be used to execute elements of one or more instances of a protocol stack. For example, processors of the baseband circuitry 1710, alone or in combination, may be used execute Layer 3, Layer 2, or Layer 1 functionality, while processors of the application circuitry 1505/1605 may utilize data (e.g., packet data) received from these layers and further execute Layer 4 functionality (e.g., TCP and UDP layers). As referred to herein, Layer 3 may comprise a RRC layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 2 may comprise a MAC layer, an RLC layer, and a PDCP layer, described in further detail below. As referred to herein, Layer 1 may comprise a PHY layer of a UE/RAN node, described in further detail below.

FIG. 18 illustrates various protocol functions that may be implemented in a wireless communication device according to various embodiments. In particular, FIG. 18 includes an arrangement 1800 showing interconnections between various protocol layers/entities. The following description of FIG. 18 is provided for various protocol layers/entities that operate in conjunction with the 5G/NR system standards and LTE system standards, but some or all of the aspects of FIG. 18 may be applicable to other wireless communication network systems as well.

The protocol layers of arrangement 1800 may include one or more of PHY 1810, MAC 1820, RLC 1830, PDCP 1840, SDAP 1847, RRC 1855, and NAS layer 1857, in addition to other higher layer functions not illustrated. The protocol layers may include one or more service access points (e.g., items 1859, 1856, 1850, 1849, 1845, 1835, 1825, and 1815 in FIG. 18) that may provide communication between two or more protocol layers.

The PHY 1810 may transmit and receive physical layer signals 1805 that may be received from or transmitted to one or more other communication devices. The physical layer signals 1805 may comprise one or more physical channels, such as those discussed herein. The PHY 1810 may further perform link adaptation or adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), power control, cell search (e.g., for initial synchronization and handover purposes), and other measurements used by higher layers, such as the RRC 1855. The PHY 1810 may still further perform error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. In embodiments, an instance of PHY 1810 may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of MAC 1820 via one or more PHY-SAP 1815. According to some embodiments, requests and indications communicated via PHY-SAP 1815 may comprise one or more transport channels.

Instance(s) of MAC 1820 may process requests from, and provide indications to, an instance of RLC 1830 via one or more MAC-SAPs 1825. These requests and indications communicated via the MAC-SAP 1825 may comprise one or more logical channels. The MAC 1820 may perform mapping between the logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs from one or more logical channels onto TBs to be delivered to PHY 1810 via the transport channels, de-multiplexing MAC SDUs to one or more logical channels from TBs delivered from the PHY 1810 via transport channels, multiplexing MAC SDUs onto TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, and logical channel prioritization.

Instance(s) of RLC 1830 may process requests from and provide indications to an instance of PDCP 1840 via one or more radio link control service access points (RLC-SAP) 1835. These requests and indications communicated via RLC-SAP 1835 may comprise one or more RLC channels. The RLC 1830 may operate in a plurality of modes of operation, including: Transparent Mode™, Unacknowledged Mode (UM), and Acknowledged Mode (AM). The RLC 1830 may execute transfer of upper layer protocol data units (PDUs), error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ) for AM data transfers, and concatenation, segmentation and reassembly of RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers. The RLC 1830 may also execute re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs for AM data transfers, reorder RLC data PDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect duplicate data for UM and AM data transfers, discard RLC SDUs for UM and AM data transfers, detect protocol errors for AM data transfers, and perform RLC re-establishment.

Instance(s) of PDCP 1840 may process requests from and provide indications to instance(s) of RRC 1855 and/or instance(s) of SDAP 1847 via one or more packet data convergence protocol service access points (PDCP-SAP) 1845. These requests and indications communicated via PDCP-SAP 1845 may comprise one or more radio bearers. The PDCP 1840 may execute header compression and decompression of IP data, maintain PDCP Sequence Numbers (SNs), perform in-sequence delivery of upper layer PDUs at re-establishment of lower layers, eliminate duplicates of lower layer SDUs at re-establishment of lower layers for radio bearers mapped on RLC AM, cipher and decipher control plane data, perform integrity protection and integrity verification of control plane data, control timer-based discard of data, and perform security operations (e.g., ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification, etc.).

Instance(s) of SDAP 1847 may process requests from and provide indications to one or more higher layer protocol entities via one or more SDAP-SAP 1849. These requests and indications communicated via SDAP-SAP 1849 may comprise one or more QoS flows. The SDAP 1847 may map QoS flows to DRBs, and vice versa, and may also mark QFIs in DL and UL packets. A single SDAP entity 1847 may be configured for an individual PDU session. In the UL direction, the NG-RAN 1210 may control the mapping of QoS Flows to DRB(s) in two different ways, reflective mapping or explicit mapping. For reflective mapping, the SDAP 1847 of a UE 1201 may monitor the QFIs of the DL packets for each DRB, and may apply the same mapping for packets flowing in the UL direction. For a DRB, the SDAP 1847 of the UE 1201 may map the UL packets belonging to the QoS flows(s) corresponding to the QoS flow ID(s) and PDU session observed in the DL packets for that DRB. To enable reflective mapping, the NG-RAN 1410 may mark DL packets over the Uu interface with a QoS flow ID. The explicit mapping may involve the RRC 1855 configuring the SDAP 1847 with an explicit QoS flow to DRB mapping rule, which may be stored and followed by the SDAP 1847. In embodiments, the SDAP 1847 may only be used in NR implementations and may not be used in LTE implementations.

The RRC 1855 may configure, via one or more management service access points (M-SAP), aspects of one or more protocol layers, which may include one or more instances of PHY 1810, MAC 1820, RLC 1830, PDCP 1840 and SDAP 1847. In embodiments, an instance of RRC 1855 may process requests from and provide indications to one or more NAS entities 1857 via one or more RRC-SAPs 1856. The main services and functions of the RRC 1855 may include broadcast of system information (e.g., included in MIBs or SIBs related to the NAS), broadcast of system information related to the access stratum (AS), paging, establishment, maintenance and release of an RRC connection between the UE 1201 and RAN 1210 (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), establishment, configuration, maintenance and release of point to point Radio Bearers, security functions including key management, inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting. The MIBs and SIBs may comprise one or more IEs, which may each comprise individual data fields or data structures.

The NAS 1857 may form the highest stratum of the control plane between the UE 1201 and the AMF 1421. The NAS 1857 may support the mobility of the UEs 1201 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 1201 and a P-GW in LTE systems.

According to various embodiments, one or more protocol entities of arrangement 1800 may be implemented in UEs 1201, RAN nodes 1211, AMF 1421 in NR implementations or MME 1321 in LTE implementations, UPF 1402 in NR implementations or S-GW 1322 and P-GW 1323 in LTE implementations, or the like to be used for control plane or user plane communications protocol stack between the aforementioned devices. In such embodiments, one or more protocol entities that may be implemented in one or more of UE 1201, gNB 1211, AMF 1421, etc. may communicate with a respective peer protocol entity that may be implemented in or on another device using the services of respective lower layer protocol entities to perform such communication. In some embodiments, a gNB-CU of the gNB 1211 may host the RRC 1855, SDAP 1847, and PDCP 1840 of the gNB that controls the operation of one or more gNB-DUs, and the gNB-DUs of the gNB 1211 may each host the RLC 1830, MAC 1820, and PHY 1810 of the gNB 1211.

In a first example, a control plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, NAS 1857, RRC 1855, PDCP 1840, RLC 1830, MAC 1820, and PHY 1810. In this example, upper layers 1860 may be built on top of the NAS 1857, which includes an IP layer 1861, an SCTP 1862, and an application layer signaling protocol (AP) 1863.

In NR implementations, the AP 1863 may be an NG application protocol layer (NGAP or NG-AP) 1863 for the NG interface 1213 defined between the NG-RAN node 1211 and the AMF 1421, or the AP 1863 may be an Xn application protocol layer (XnAP or Xn-AP) 1863 for the Xn interface 1212 that is defined between two or more RAN nodes 1211.

The NG-AP 1863 may support the functions of the NG interface 1213 and may comprise Elementary Procedures (EPs). An NG-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the NG-RAN node 1211 and the AMF 1421. The NG-AP 1863 services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services (e.g., services related to a UE 1201) and non-UE-associated services (e.g., services related to the whole NG interface instance between the NG-RAN node 1211 and AMF 1421). These services may include functions including, but not limited to: a paging function for the sending of paging requests to NG-RAN nodes 1211 involved in a particular paging area; a UE context management function for allowing the AMF 1421 to establish, modify, and/or release a UE context in the AMF 1421 and the NG-RAN node 1211; a mobility function for UEs 1201 in ECM-CONNECTED mode for intra-system HOs to support mobility within NG-RAN and inter-system HOs to support mobility from/to EPS systems; a NAS Signaling Transport function for transporting or rerouting NAS messages between UE 1201 and AMF 1421; a NAS node selection function for determining an association between the AMF 1421 and the UE 1201; NG interface management function(s) for setting up the NG interface and monitoring for errors over the NG interface; a warning message transmission function for providing means to transfer warning messages via NG interface or cancel ongoing broadcast of warning messages; a Configuration Transfer function for requesting and transferring of RAN configuration information (e.g., SON information, performance measurement (PM) data, etc.) between two RAN nodes 1211 via CN 1220; and/or other like functions.

The XnAP 1863 may support the functions of the Xn interface 1212 and may comprise XnAP basic mobility procedures and XnAP global procedures. The XnAP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the NG RAN 1211 (or E-UTRAN 1310), such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The XnAP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE 1201, such as Xn interface setup and reset procedures, NG-RAN update procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like.

In LTE implementations, the AP 1863 may be an S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP) 1863 for the S1 interface 1213 defined between an E-UTRAN node 1211 and an MME, or the AP 1863 may be an X2 application protocol layer (X2AP or X2-AP) 1863 for the X2 interface 1212 that is defined between two or more E-UTRAN nodes 1211.

The S1 Application Protocol layer (S1-AP) 1863 may support the functions of the S1 interface, and similar to the NG-AP discussed previously, the S1-AP may comprise S1-AP EPs. An S1-AP EP may be a unit of interaction between the E-UTRAN node 1211 and an MME 1321 within an LTE CN 1220. The S1-AP 1863 services may comprise two groups: UE-associated services and non UE-associated services. These services perform functions including, but not limited to: E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearer (E-RAB) management, UE capability indication, mobility, NAS signaling transport, RAN Information Management (RIM), and configuration transfer.

The X2AP 1863 may support the functions of the X2 interface 1212 and may comprise X2AP basic mobility procedures and X2AP global procedures. The X2AP basic mobility procedures may comprise procedures used to handle UE mobility within the E-UTRAN 1220, such as handover preparation and cancellation procedures, SN Status Transfer procedures, UE context retrieval and UE context release procedures, RAN paging procedures, dual connectivity related procedures, and the like. The X2AP global procedures may comprise procedures that are not related to a specific UE 1201, such as X2 interface setup and reset procedures, load indication procedures, error indication procedures, cell activation procedures, and the like.

The SCTP layer (alternatively referred to as the SCTP/IP layer) 1862 may provide guaranteed delivery of application layer messages (e.g., NGAP or XnAP messages in NR implementations, or S1-AP or X2AP messages in LTE implementations). The SCTP 1862 may ensure reliable delivery of signaling messages between the RAN node 1211 and the AMF 1421/MME 1321 based, in part, on the IP protocol, supported by the IP 1861. The Internet Protocol layer (IP) 1861 may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. In some implementations the IP layer 1861 may use point-to-point transmission to deliver and convey PDUs. In this regard, the RAN node 1211 may comprise L2 and L1 layer communication links (e.g., wired or wireless) with the MME/AMF to exchange information.

In a second example, a user plane protocol stack may comprise, in order from highest layer to lowest layer, SDAP 1847, PDCP 1840, RLC 1830, MAC 1820, and PHY 1810. The user plane protocol stack may be used for communication between the UE 1201, the RAN node 1211, and UPF 1402 in NR implementations or an S-GW 1322 and P-GW 1323 in LTE implementations. In this example, upper layers 1851 may be built on top of the SDAP 1847, and may include a user datagram protocol (UDP) and IP security layer (UDP/IP) 1852, a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Tunneling Protocol for the user plane layer (GTP-U) 1853, and a User Plane PDU layer (UP PDU) 1863.

The transport network layer 1854 (also referred to as a “transport layer”) may be built on IP transport, and the GTP-U 1853 may be used on top of the UDP/IP layer 1852 (comprising a UDP layer and IP layer) to carry user plane PDUs (UP-PDUs). The IP layer (also referred to as the “Internet layer”) may be used to perform packet addressing and routing functionality. The IP layer may assign IP addresses to user data packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example.

The GTP-U 1853 may be used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network and between the radio access network and the core network. The user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP formats, for example. The UDP/IP 1852 may provide checksums for data integrity, port numbers for addressing different functions at the source and destination, and encryption and authentication on the selected data flows. The RAN node 1211 and the S-GW 1322 may utilize an S1-U interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer (e.g., PHY 1810), an L2 layer (e.g., MAC 1820, RLC 1830, PDCP 1840, and/or SDAP 1847), the UDP/IP layer 1852, and the GTP-U 1853. The S-GW 1322 and the P-GW 1323 may utilize an S5/S8a interface to exchange user plane data via a protocol stack comprising an L1 layer, an L2 layer, the UDP/IP layer 1852, and the GTP-U 1853. As discussed previously, NAS protocols may support the mobility of the UE 1201 and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE 1201 and the P-GW 1323.

Moreover, although not shown by FIG. 18, an application layer may be present above the AP 1863 and/or the transport network layer 1854. The application layer may be a layer in which a user of the UE 1201, RAN node 1211, or other network element interacts with software applications being executed, for example, by application circuitry 1505 or application circuitry 1605, respectively. The application layer may also provide one or more interfaces for software applications to interact with communications systems of the UE 1201 or RAN node 1211, such as the baseband circuitry 1710. In some implementations the IP layer and/or the application layer may provide the same or similar functionality as layers 5-7, or portions thereof, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (e.g., OSI Layer 7—the application layer, OSI Layer 6—the presentation layer, and OSI Layer 5—the session layer).

FIG. 19 illustrates components of a core network in accordance with various embodiments. The components of the CN 1320 may be implemented in one physical node or separate physical nodes including components to read and execute instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium). In embodiments, the components of CN 1420 may be implemented in a same or similar manner as discussed herein with regard to the components of CN 1320. In some embodiments, NFV is utilized to virtualize any or all of the above-described network node functions via executable instructions stored in one or more computer-readable storage mediums (described in further detail below). A logical instantiation of the CN 1320 may be referred to as a network slice 1902, and individual logical instantiations of the CN 1320 may provide specific network capabilities and network characteristics. A logical instantiation of a portion of the CN 1320 may be referred to as a network sub-slice 1904 (e.g., the network sub-slice 1904 is shown to include the P-GW 1323 and the PCRF 1326).

As used herein, the terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like may refer to the creation of an instance, and an “instance” may refer to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code. A network instance may refer to information identifying a domain, which may be used for traffic detection and routing in case of different IP domains or overlapping IP addresses. A network slice instance may refer to a set of network functions (NFs) instances and the resources (e.g., compute, storage, and networking resources) required to deploy the network slice.

With respect to 5G systems (see, e.g., FIG. 14), a network slice always comprises a RAN part and a CN part. The support of network slicing relies on the principle that traffic for different slices is handled by different PDU sessions. The network can realize the different network slices by scheduling and also by providing different L1/L2 configurations. The UE 1401 provides assistance information for network slice selection in an appropriate RRC message, if it has been provided by NAS. While the network can support large number of slices, the UE need not support more than 8 slices simultaneously.

A network slice may include the CN 1420 control plane and user plane NFs, NG-RANs 1410 in a serving PLMN, and a N3IWF functions in the serving PLMN. Individual network slices may have different S-NSSAI and/or may have different SSTs. NSSAI includes one or more S-NSSAIs, and each network slice is uniquely identified by an S-NSSAI. Network slices may differ for supported features and network functions optimizations, and/or multiple network slice instances may deliver the same service/features but for different groups of UEs 1401 (e.g., enterprise users). For example, individual network slices may deliver different committed service(s) and/or may be dedicated to a particular customer or enterprise. In this example, each network slice may have different S-NSSAIs with the same SST but with different slice differentiators. Additionally, a single UE may be served with one or more network slice instances simultaneously via a 5G AN and associated with eight different S-NSSAIs. Moreover, an AMF 1421 instance serving an individual UE 1401 may belong to each of the network slice instances serving that UE.

Network Slicing in the NG-RAN 1410 involves RAN slice awareness. RAN slice awareness includes differentiated handling of traffic for different network slices, which have been pre-configured. Slice awareness in the NG-RAN 1410 is introduced at the PDU session level by indicating the S-NSSAI corresponding to a PDU session in all signaling that includes PDU session resource information. How the NG-RAN 1410 supports the slice enabling in terms of NG-RAN functions (e.g., the set of network functions that comprise each slice) is implementation dependent. The NG-RAN 1410 selects the RAN part of the network slice using assistance information provided by the UE 1401 or the 5GC 1420, which unambiguously identifies one or more of the pre-configured network slices in the PLMN. The NG-RAN 1410 also supports resource management and policy enforcement between slices as per SLAs. A single NG-RAN node may support multiple slices, and the NG-RAN 1410 may also apply an appropriate RRM policy for the SLA in place to each supported slice. The NG-RAN 1410 may also support QoS differentiation within a slice.

The NG-RAN 1410 may also use the UE assistance information for the selection of an AMF 1421 during an initial attach, if available. The NG-RAN 1410 uses the assistance information for routing the initial NAS to an AMF 1421. If the NG-RAN 1410 is unable to select an AMF 1421 using the assistance information, or the UE 1401 does not provide any such information, the NG-RAN 1410 sends the NAS signaling to a default AMF 1421, which may be among a pool of AMFs 1421. For subsequent accesses, the UE 1401 provides a temp ID, which is assigned to the UE 1401 by the 5GC 1420, to enable the NG-RAN 1410 to route the NAS message to the appropriate AMF 1421 as long as the temp ID is valid. The NG-RAN 1410 is aware of, and can reach, the AMF 1421 that is associated with the temp ID. Otherwise, the method for initial attach applies.

The NG-RAN 1410 supports resource isolation between slices. NG-RAN 1410 resource isolation may be achieved by means of RRM policies and protection mechanisms that should avoid that shortage of shared resources if one slice breaks the service level agreement for another slice. In some implementations, it is possible to fully dedicate NG-RAN 1410 resources to a certain slice. How NG-RAN 1410 supports resource isolation is implementation dependent.

Some slices may be available only in part of the network. Awareness in the NG-RAN 1410 of the slices supported in the cells of its neighbors may be beneficial for inter-frequency mobility in connected mode. The slice availability may not change within the UE's registration area. The NG-RAN 1410 and the 5GC 1420 are responsible to handle a service request for a slice that may or may not be available in a given area. Admission or rejection of access to a slice may depend on factors such as support for the slice, availability of resources, support of the requested service by NG-RAN 1410.

The UE 1401 may be associated with multiple network slices simultaneously. In case the UE 1401 is associated with multiple slices simultaneously, only one signaling connection is maintained, and for intra-frequency cell reselection, the UE 1401 tries to camp on the best cell. For inter-frequency cell reselection, dedicated priorities can be used to control the frequency on which the UE 1401 camps. The 5GC 1420 is to validate that the UE 1401 has the rights to access a network slice. Prior to receiving an Initial Context Setup Request message, the NG-RAN 1410 may be allowed to apply some provisional/local policies, based on awareness of a particular slice that the UE 1401 is requesting to access. During the initial context setup, the NG-RAN 1410 is informed of the slice for which resources are being requested.

NFV architectures and infrastructures may be used to virtualize one or more NFs, alternatively performed by proprietary hardware, onto physical resources comprising a combination of industry-standard server hardware, storage hardware, or switches. In other words, NFV systems can be used to execute virtual or reconfigurable implementations of one or more EPC components/functions.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, of a system 2000 to support NFV. The system 2000 is illustrated as including a VIM 2002, an NFVI 2004, an VNFM 2006, VNFs 2008, an EM 2010, an NFVO 2012, and a NM 2014.

The VIM 2002 manages the resources of the NFVI 2004. The NFVI 2004 can include physical or virtual resources and applications (including hypervisors) used to execute the system 2000. The VIM 2002 may manage the life cycle of virtual resources with the NFVI 2004 (e.g., creation, maintenance, and tear down of VMs associated with one or more physical resources), track VM instances, track performance, fault and security of VM instances and associated physical resources, and expose VM instances and associated physical resources to other management systems.

The VNFM 2006 may manage the VNFs 2008. The VNFs 2008 may be used to execute EPC components/functions. The VNFM 2006 may manage the life cycle of the VNFs 2008 and track performance, fault and security of the virtual aspects of VNFs 2008. The EM 2010 may track the performance, fault and security of the functional aspects of VNFs 2008. The tracking data from the VNFM 2006 and the EM 2010 may comprise, for example, PM data used by the VIM 2002 or the NFVI 2004. Both the VNFM 2006 and the EM 2010 can scale up/down the quantity of VNFs of the system 2000.

The NFVO 2012 may coordinate, authorize, release and engage resources of the NFVI 2004 in order to provide the requested service (e.g., to execute an EPC function, component, or slice). The NM 2014 may provide a package of end-user functions with the responsibility for the management of a network, which may include network elements with VNFs, non-virtualized network functions, or both (management of the VNFs may occur via the EM 2010).

FIG. 21 is a block diagram illustrating components, according to some example embodiments, able to read instructions from a machine-readable or computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory machine-readable storage medium) and perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. Specifically, FIG. 21 shows a diagrammatic representation of hardware resources 2100 including one or more processors (or processor cores) 2110, one or more memory/storage devices 2120, and one or more communication resources 2130, each of which may be communicatively coupled via a bus 2140. For embodiments where node virtualization (e.g., NFV) is utilized, a hypervisor 2102 may be executed to provide an execution environment for one or more network slices/sub-slices to utilize the hardware resources 2100.

The processors 2110 may include, for example, a processor 2112 and a processor 2114. The processor(s) 2110 may be, for example, a central processing unit (CPU), a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processor, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) processor, a graphics processing unit (GPU), a DSP such as a baseband processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, a radio-frequency integrated circuit (RFIC), another processor (including those discussed herein), or any suitable combination thereof.

The memory/storage devices 2120 may include main memory, disk storage, or any suitable combination thereof. The memory/storage devices 2120 may include, but are not limited to, any type of volatile or nonvolatile memory such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), Flash memory, solid-state storage, etc.

The communication resources 2130 may include interconnection or network interface components or other suitable devices to communicate with one or more peripheral devices 2104 or one or more databases 2106 via a network 2108. For example, the communication resources 2130 may include wired communication components (e.g., for coupling via USB), cellular communication components, NFC components, Bluetooth® (or Bluetooth® Low Energy) components, Wi-Fi® components, and other communication components.

Instructions 2150 may comprise software, a program, an application, an applet, an app, or other executable code for causing at least any of the processors 2110 to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein. The instructions 2150 may reside, completely or partially, within at least one of the processors 2110 (e.g., within the processor's cache memory), the memory/storage devices 2120, or any suitable combination thereof. Furthermore, any portion of the instructions 2150 may be transferred to the hardware resources 2100 from any combination of the peripheral devices 2104 or the databases 2106. Accordingly, the memory of processors 2110, the memory/storage devices 2120, the peripheral devices 2104, and the databases 2106 are examples of computer-readable and machine-readable media.

FIG. 22 illustrates a method 2200 of operating the system according to embodiments of the disclosure. The method 2200 includes: generating, by a base station (BS), one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCH) in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner using a Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform as shown in box 2202; generating, by the BS, a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) which is multiplexed in the TDM manner with the one or more PDCCH as shown in box 2204; and transmitting, by the BS, the one or more PDCCH and the DMRS to a UE as shown in box 2206.

FIG. 23 illustrates a further method 2300 of operating the system according to embodiments. The method 2300 includes: applying, by a BS, a time first mapping for a control channel element-to-resource element group (CCE-to-REG) mapping to the PDCCH in a time domain prior to performing a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to generate the DFT-s-OFDM waveform as shown in box 2302, generating, by the BS, one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCH) in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner using a Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform as shown in box 2304; generating, by the BS, a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) which is multiplexed in a spatial domain manner with the one or more PDCCH as shown in box 2306; and transmitting, by the BS, the one or more PDCCH and the DMRS to a UE as shown in box 2308.

FIG. 24 illustrates a further method 2400 of operating the system according to embodiments. The method 2400 includes: allocating, by a BS, different PDCCHs with different comb offsets in frequency domain as shown in box 2402, generating, by the BS, one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCH) in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner using a Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform as shown in box 2404; generating, by the BS, a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) which is multiplexed in a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) manner with the one or more PDCCH as shown in box 2406; and transmitting, by the BS, the one or more PDCCH and the DMRS to a UE as shown in box 2408.

The methods of FIGS. 22-24 can be performed by one or more of application circuitry 1505 or 1605, baseband circuitry 1510 or 1610, and/or processors 2114.

For one or more embodiments, at least one of the components set forth in one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to perform one or more operations, techniques, processes, and/or methods as set forth in the example section below. For example, the baseband circuitry as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below. For another example, circuitry associated with a UE, base station, network element, etc. as described above in connection with one or more of the preceding figures may be configured to operate in accordance with one or more of the examples set forth below in the example section.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 may include system and method of wireless communication for a fifth generation (5G) or new radio (NR) system: transmitting, by gNodeB (gNB), one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCH) in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner using Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform; and transmitting, by gNB, a demodulation reference signal (DM-RS) which is multiplexed in TDM manner with the associated PDCCHs.

Example 2 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein a front-loaded DMRS is inserted before the transmission of PDCCH with DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

Example 3 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein multiple PDCCHs can be multiplexed in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner prior to discrete Fourier transform (DFT) operation.

Example 4 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein a same DFT size is applied for the transmission of multiple PDCCHs.

Example 5 may include the method of example 4 or some other example herein, wherein the DFT size may be equal to CORESET size in the frequency domain.

Example 6 may include the method of example 4 or some other example herein, wherein the DFT size may be equal to the bandwidth of active DL BWP or the system bandwidth or the union of multiple CORESETs for a given UE

Example 7 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein when multiple PDCCHs are multiplexed in a TDM manner, a time first mapping can be applied for control channel element-to-resource element group (CCE-to-REG) mapping in time domain prior to DFT operation.

Example 8 may include the method of example 7 or some other example herein, wherein when PDCCH spans more than 1 symbol, the number of REGs in a CCE is equally distributed in the CORESET excluding the DMRS symbol.

Example 9 may include the method of example 7 or some other example herein, wherein one CCE consisting of N REGs is mapped on one DFT-s-OFDM symbol.

Example 10 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein multiple PDCCHs can be multiplexed in a spatial division multiplexing (SDM) manner.

Example 11 may include the method of example 10 or some other example herein, wherein the DFT size may be equal to the PDCCH candidate size in each symbol.

Example 12 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein multiple cluster based transmission can be applied for one CCE or one PDCCH candidate.

Example 13 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein frequency hopping may be applied for the transmission of one PDCCH candidate when PDCCH spans more than 1 symbols.

Example 14 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein Energy Per Resource Element (EPRE) ratio between DMRS and PDCCH could be pre-defined, e.g. 0 dB, or be configured by RRC signaling and/or Downlink Control Information (DCI).

Example 15 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein DMRS and PDCCH are interlaced prior to DFT.

Example 16 may include the method of example 1 or some other example herein, wherein whether TDM or FDM of DMRS and PDCCH can be configured by higher layers.

Example 17 may include a method comprising: generating a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH); multiplexing the PDCCH with a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) within a control resource set (CORESET) using time-division multiplexing (TDM); and transmitting or causing to transmit the multiplexed PDCCH and DMRS on the CORESET via a discrete-fourier transform-spread orthogonal frequency division multiple access (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform.

Example 18 may include the method of Example 17 or another example herein, further comprising performing a discrete fourier transform (DFT) operation on the multiplexed PDCCH and DMRS to generate the DFT-s-OFDM waveform.

Example 19 may include the method of Example 17-18 or another example herein, wherein the multiplexing comprises multiplexing one to three PDCCHs with the DMRS.

Example 20 may include the method of Example 17-19 or another example herein, wherein the multiplexing comprises placing the DMRS before the PDCCH in the time domain.

Example 21 may include the method of Example 17-20 or another example herein, wherein the PDCCH is a first PDCCH, wherein the multiplexing comprises multiplexing multiple PDCCHs, including the first PDCCH, with the DMRS.

Example 22 may include the method of Example 21 or another example herein, wherein the multiple PDCCHs are for different UEs.

Example 23 may include the method of Example 21 or another example herein, wherein the multiple PDCCHs are for a same UE.

Example 24 may include the method of Example 21-23 or another example herein, further comprising applying a same DFT size for the multiple PDCCHs.

Example 25 may include the method of Example 24, further comprising transmitting or causing to transmit an indication of the DFT size to one or more UEs.

Example 26 may include the method of Example 25, wherein the indication of the DFT size is transmitted via a new radio (NR) minimum system information (MSI), a NR remaining minimum system information (RMSI), a NR other system information (OSI), or a radio resource control (RRC) message.

Example 27 may include the method of Example 17-26, further comprising applying a DFT size to the multiplexed PDCCH (or multiple PDCCHs, if applicable) and DMRS that is equal to a size of the CORESET in the frequency domain.

Example 28 may include the method of Example 27 or another example herein, wherein the DRMRS has a bandwidth equal to the size of the CORESET in the frequency domain.

Example 29 may include the method of Example 17-26, further comprising applying a DFT size to the multiplexed PDCCH (or multiple PDCCHs, if applicable) and DMRS that is equal to a bandwidth of an active downlink bandwidth part (DL BWP), a system bandwidth, or a combined bandwidth of multiple CORESETs for a UE.

Example 30 may include the method of Example 17-29 or another example herein, further comprising mapping control channel elements (CCEs) to resource element groups (REGs) for the PDCCH (or multiple PDCCHs, if applicable) in the time domain prior to a DFT operation.

Example 31 may include the method of Example 30 or another example herein, wherein the mapping comprises mapping one CCE, including a plurality of REGs, to one DFT-s-OFDM symbol.

Example 31A may include the method of Example 17-31 or another example herein, further comprising distributing the PDCCH and DMRS into two or more clusters that are separated in the frequency domain of the CORESET.

Example 31B may include the method of Example 31A or another example herein, further comprising transmitting or causing to transmit different PDCCH clusters at different times to enable frequency hopping.

Example 32 may include the method of Example 17-30 or another example herein, wherein the DFT-s-OFDM waveform is transmitted on a frequency greater than 52.6 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 33 may include the method of Example 17-32 or another example herein, wherein the method is performed by a next generation base station (gNB) or a portion thereof.

Example 34 may include a method comprising: receiving a discrete-fourier transform-spread orthogonal frequency division multiple access (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform including a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) multiplexed with one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs); performing an inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) on the DFT-s-OFDM signal to provide a message including the DMRS multiplexed with the one or more PDCCHs using time-division multiplexing; and decoding one or more of the one or more PDCCHs in the message.

Example 35 may include the method of example 34 or another example herein, further comprising: generating feedback information based on the DMRS; and transmitting or causing to transmit the feedback information to a next generation base station (gNB).

Example 36 may include the method of Example 34-35 or another example herein, wherein the DMRS is earlier in the time domain within the message than the one or more PDCCHs.

Example 37 may include the method of Example 34-36 or another example herein, wherein the one or more PDCCHs are multiple PDCCHs.

Example 38 may include the method of Example 37 or another example herein, wherein the multiple PDCCHs are for different UEs.

Example 39 may include the method of Example 37 or another example herein, wherein the multiple PDCCHs are for a same UE.

Example 40 may include the method of Example 37-39 or another example herein, wherein the IDFT is performed using a DFT size that was applied for the multiple PDCCHs.

Example 41 may include the method of Example 40 or another example herein, further comprising receiving configuration information to indicate the DFT size.

Example 42 may include the method of Example 41 or another example herein, wherein the configuration information is received via a new radio (NR) minimum system information (MSI), a NR remaining minimum system information (RMSI), a NR other system information (OSI), or a radio resource control (RRC) message.

Example 43 may include the method of Example 34-42 or another example herein, wherein the DFT-s-OFDM is received in a control resource set (CORESET), and wherein the DFT size used for the IDFT is equal to a bandwidth of the CORESET.

Example 44 may include the method of Example 43 or another example herein, wherein the DRMRS has a bandwidth equal to the bandwidth of the CORESET in the frequency domain.

Example 45 may include the method of Example 34-42, wherein the wherein the DFT size used for the IDFT is equal to a bandwidth of an active downlink bandwidth part (DL BWP), a system bandwidth, or a combined bandwidth of multiple CORESETs for a UE.

Example 46 may include the method of Example 34-45 or another example herein, further comprising mapping control channel elements (CCEs) to resource element groups (REGs) for the PDCCH (or multiple PDCCHs, if applicable) in the message in the time domain.

Example 47 may include the method of Example 46 or another example herein, wherein the mapping comprises mapping one CCE, including a plurality of REGs, to one DFT-s-OFDM symbol.

Example 48 may include the method of Example 34-47 or another example herein, wherein the DFT-s-OFDM waveform is received on a frequency greater than 52.6 gigahertz (GHz).

Example 49 may include the method of Example 34-48 or another example herein, wherein the method is performed by a user equipment (UE) or a portion thereof.

Example 50 may include an apparatus comprising means to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-49, or any other method or process described herein.

Example 51 may include one or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising instructions to cause an electronic device, upon execution of the instructions by one or more processors of the electronic device, to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-49, or any other method or process described herein.

Example 52 may include an apparatus comprising logic, modules, or circuitry to perform one or more elements of a method described in or related to any of examples 1-49, or any other method or process described herein.

Example 53 may include a method, technique, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-49, or portions or parts thereof.

Example 54 may include an apparatus comprising: one or more processors and one or more computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform the method, techniques, or process as described in or related to any of examples 1-49, or portions thereof.

Example 55 may include a signal as described in or related to any of examples 1-49, or portions or parts thereof.

Example 56 may include a signal in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

Example 57 may include a method of communicating in a wireless network as shown and described herein.

Example 58 may include a system for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

Example 59 may include a device for providing wireless communication as shown and described herein.

Any of the above-described examples may be combined with any other example (or combination of examples), unless explicitly stated otherwise. The foregoing description of one or more implementations provides illustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from practice of various embodiments.

Abbreviations

For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations may apply to the examples and embodiments discussed herein, but are not meant to be limiting.

3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project

4G Fourth Generation

5G Fifth Generation

5GC 5G Core network

ACK Acknowledgement

AF Application Function

AM Acknowledged Mode

AMBR Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate

AMF Access and Mobility Management Function

AN Access Network

ANR Automatic Neighbour Relation

AP Application Protocol, Antenna Port, Access Point

API Application Programming Interface

APN Access Point Name

ARP Allocation and Retention Priority

ARQ Automatic Repeat Request

AS Access Stratum

ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation One

AUSF Authentication Server Function

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise

BCH Broadcast Channel

BER Bit Error Ratio

BFD Beam Failure Detection

BLER Block Error Rate

BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

BRAS Broadband Remote Access Server

BSS Business Support System

BS Base Station

BSR Buffer Status Report

BW Bandwidth

BWP Bandwidth Part

C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity

CA Carrier Aggregation, Certification Authority

CAPEX CAPital EXpenditure

CBRA Contention Based Random Access

CC Component Carrier, Country Code, Cryptographic Checksum

CCA Clear Channel Assessment

CCE Control Channel Element

CCCH Common Control Channel

CE Coverage Enhancement

CDM Content Delivery Network

CDMA Code-Division Multiple Access

CFRA Contention Free Random Access

CG Cell Group

CI Cell Identity

CID Cell-ID (e.g., positioning method)

CIM Common Information Model

CIR Carrier to Interference Ratio

CK Cipher Key

CM Connection Management, Conditional Mandatory

CMAS Commercial Mobile Alert Service

CMD Command

CMS Cloud Management System

CO Conditional Optional

CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point

CORESET Control Resource Set

COTS Commercial Off-The-Shelf

CP Control Plane, Cyclic Prefix, Connection Point

CPD Connection Point Descriptor

CPE Customer Premise Equipment

CPICH Common Pilot Channel

CQI Channel Quality Indicator

CPU CSI processing unit, Central Processing Unit

C/R Command/Response field bit

CRAN Cloud Radio Access Network, Cloud RAN

CRB Common Resource Block

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRI Channel-State Information Resource Indicator, CSI-RS Resource Indicator

C-RNTI Cell RNTI

CS Circuit Switched

CSAR Cloud Service Archive

CSI Channel-State Information

CSI-IM CSI Interference Measurement

CSI-RS CSI Reference Signal

CSI-RSRP CSI reference signal received power

CSI-RSRQ CSI reference signal received quality

CSI-SINR CSI signal-to-noise and interference ratio

CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access

CSMA/CA CSMA with collision avoidance

CSS Common Search Space, Cell-specific Search Space

CTS Clear-to-Send

CW Codeword

CWS Contention Window Size

D2D Device-to-Device

DC Dual Connectivity, Direct Current

DCI Downlink Control Information

DF Deployment Flavour

DL Downlink

DMTF Distributed Management Task Force

DPDK Data Plane Development Kit

DM-RS, DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal

DN Data network

DRB Data Radio Bearer

DRS Discovery Reference Signal

DRX Discontinuous Reception

DSL Domain Specific Language. Digital Subscriber Line

DSLAM DSL Access Multiplexer

DwPTS Downlink Pilot Time Slot

E-LAN Ethernet Local Area Network

E2E End-to-End

ECCA extended clear channel assessment, extended CCA

ECCE Enhanced Control Channel Element, Enhanced CCE

ED Energy Detection

EDGE Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (GSM Evolution)

EGMF Exposure Governance Management Function

EGPRS Enhanced GPRS

EIR Equipment Identity Register

eLAA enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, enhanced LAA

EM Element Manager

eMBB Enhanced Mobile Broadband

EMS Element Management System

eNB evolved NodeB, E-UTRAN Node B

EN-DC E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity

EPC Evolved Packet Core

EPDCCH enhanced PDCCH, enhanced Physical Downlink Control Cannel

EPRE Energy per resource element

EPS Evolved Packet System

EREG enhanced REG, enhanced resource element groups

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute

ETWS Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System

eUICC embedded UICC, embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card

E-UTRA Evolved UTRA

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRAN

EV2X Enhanced V2X

F1AP F1 Application Protocol

F1-C F1 Control plane interface

F1-U F1 User plane interface

FACCH Fast Associated Control CHannel

FACCH/F Fast Associated Control Channel/Full rate

FACCH/H Fast Associated Control Channel/Half rate

FACH Forward Access Channel

FAUSCH Fast Uplink Signalling Channel

FB Functional Block

FBI Feedback Information

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FCCH Frequency Correction CHannel

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

FDM Frequency Division Multiplex

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

FE Front End

FEC Forward Error Correction

FFS For Further Study

FFT Fast Fourier Transformation

feLAA further enhanced Licensed Assisted Access, further enhanced LAA

FN Frame Number

FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array

FR Frequency Range

G-RNTI GERAN Radio Network Temporary Identity

GERAN GSM EDGE RAN, GSM EDGE Radio Access Network

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

GLONASS GLObal'naya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (Engl.: Global Navigation Satellite System)

gNB Next Generation NodeB

gNB-CU gNB-centralized unit, Next Generation NodeB centralized unit

gNB-DU gNB-distributed unit, Next Generation NodeB distributed unit

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GSM Global System for Mobile Communications, Groupe Special Mobile

GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol

GTP-U GPRS Tunnelling Protocol for User Plane

GTS Go To Sleep Signal (related to WUS)

GUMMEI Globally Unique MME Identifier

GUTI Globally Unique Temporary UE Identity

HARQ Hybrid ARQ, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

HANDO, HO Handover

HFN HyperFrame Number

HHO Hard Handover

HLR Home Location Register

HN Home Network

HO Handover

HPLMN Home Public Land Mobile Network

HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access

HSN Hopping Sequence Number

HSPA High Speed Packet Access

HSS Home Subscriber Server

HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access

HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

HTTPS Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (https is http/1.1 over SSL, i.e. port 443)

I-Block Information Block

ICCID Integrated Circuit Card Identification

ICIC Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

ID Identity, identifier

IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform

IE Information element

IBE In-Band Emission

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IEI Information Element Identifier

IEIDL Information Element Identifier Data Length

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IF Infrastructure

IM Interference Measurement, Intermodulation, IP Multimedia

IMC IMS Credentials

IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity

IMGI International mobile group identity

IMPI IP Multimedia Private Identity

IMPU IP Multimedia PUblic identity

IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IoT Internet of Things

IP Internet Protocol

Ipsec IP Security, Internet Protocol Security

IP-CAN IP-Connectivity Access Network

IP-M IP Multicast

IPv4 Internet Protocol Version 4

IPv6 Internet Protocol Version 6

IR Infrared

IS In Sync

IRP Integration Reference Point

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

ISIM IM Services Identity Module

ISO International Organisation for Standardisation

ISP Internet Service Provider

IWF Interworking-Function

I-WLAN Interworking WLAN

K Constraint length of the convolutional code, USIM Individual key

kB Kilobyte (1000 bytes)

kbps kilo-bits per second

Kc Ciphering key

Ki Individual subscriber authentication key

KPI Key Performance Indicator

KQI Key Quality Indicator

KSI Key Set Identifier

ksps kilo-symbols per second

KVM Kernel Virtual Machine

L1 Layer 1 (physical layer)

L1-RSRP Layer 1 reference signal received power

L2 Layer 2 (data link layer)

L3 Layer 3 (network layer)

LAA Licensed Assisted Access

LAN Local Area Network

LBT Listen Before Talk

LCM LifeCycle Management

LCR Low Chip Rate

LCS Location Services

LCID Logical Channel ID

LI Layer Indicator

LLC Logical Link Control, Low Layer Compatibility

LPLMN Local PLMN

LPP LTE Positioning Protocol

LSB Least Significant Bit

LTE Long Term Evolution

LWA LTE-WLAN aggregation

LWIP LTE/WLAN Radio Level Integration with IPsec Tunnel

LTE Long Term Evolution

M2M Machine-to-Machine

MAC Medium Access Control (protocol layering context)

MAC Message authentication code (security/encryption context)

MAC-A MAC used for authentication and key agreement (TSG T WG3 context)

MAC-I MAC used for data integrity of signalling messages (TSG T WG3 context)

MANO Management and Orchestration

MBMS Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service

MB SFN Multimedia Broadcast multicast service Single Frequency

Network

MCC Mobile Country Code

MCG Master Cell Group

MCOT Maximum Channel Occupancy Time

MCS Modulation and coding scheme

MDAF Management Data Analytics Function

MDAS Management Data Analytics Service

MDT Minimization of Drive Tests

ME Mobile Equipment

MeNB master eNB

MER Message Error Ratio

MGL Measurement Gap Length

MGRP Measurement Gap Repetition Period

MIB Master Information Block, Management Information Base

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

MLC Mobile Location Centre

MM Mobility Management

MME Mobility Management Entity

MN Master Node

MO Measurement Object, Mobile Originated

MPBCH MTC Physical Broadcast CHannel

MPDCCH MTC Physical Downlink Control CHannel

MPDSCH MTC Physical Downlink Shared CHannel

MPRACH MTC Physical Random Access CHannel

MPUSCH MTC Physical Uplink Shared Channel

MPLS MultiProtocol Label Switching

MS Mobile Station

MSB Most Significant Bit

MSC Mobile Switching Centre

MSI Minimum System Information, MCH Scheduling Information

MSID Mobile Station Identifier

MSIN Mobile Station Identification Number

MSISDN Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number

MT Mobile Terminated, Mobile Termination

MTC Machine-Type Communications

mMTC massive MTC, massive Machine-Type Communications

MU-MIMO Multi User MIMO

MWUS MTC wake-up signal, MTC WUS

NACK Negative Acknowledgement

NAI Network Access Identifier

NAS Non-Access Stratum, Non-Access Stratum layer

NCT Network Connectivity Topology

NEC Network Capability Exposure

NE-DC NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity

NEF Network Exposure Function

NF Network Function

NFP Network Forwarding Path

NFPD Network Forwarding Path Descriptor

NFV Network Functions Virtualization

NFVI NFV Infrastructure

NFVO NFV Orchestrator

NG Next Generation, Next Gen

NGEN-DC NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity

NM Network Manager

NMS Network Management System

N-PoP Network Point of Presence

NMIB, N-MIB Narrowband MIB

NPBCH Narrowband Physical Broadcast CHannel

NPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control CHannel

NPDSCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared CHannel

NPRACH Narrowband Physical Random Access CHannel

NPUSCH Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared CHannel

NPSS Narrowband Primary Synchronization Signal

NSSS Narrowband Secondary Synchronization Signal

NR New Radio, Neighbour Relation

NRF NF Repository Function

NRS Narrowband Reference Signal

NS Network Service

NSA Non-Standalone operation mode

NSD Network Service Descriptor

NSR Network Service Record

NSSAI ‘Network Slice Selection Assistance Information

S-NNSAI Single-NSSAI

NSSF Network Slice Selection Function

NW Network

NWUS Narrowband wake-up signal, Narrowband WUS

NZP Non-Zero Power

O&M Operation and Maintenance

ODU2 Optical channel Data Unit-type 2

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OOB Out-of-band

OOS Out of Sync

OPEX OPerating EXpense

OSI Other System Information

OSS Operations Support System

OTA over-the-air

PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio

PAR Peak to Average Ratio

PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel

PC Power Control, Personal Computer

PCC Primary Component Carrier, Primary CC

PCell Primary Cell

PCI Physical Cell ID, Physical Cell Identity

PCEF Policy and Charging Enforcement Function

PCF Policy Control Function

PCRF Policy Control and Charging Rules Function

PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol, Packet Data Convergence Protocol layer

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PDN Packet Data Network, Public Data Network

PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PDU Protocol Data Unit

PEI Permanent Equipment Identifiers

PFD Packet Flow Description

P-GW PDN Gateway

PHICH Physical hybrid-ARQ indicator channel

PHY Physical layer

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

PIN Personal Identification Number

PM Performance Measurement

PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator

PNF Physical Network Function

PNFD Physical Network Function Descriptor

PNFR Physical Network Function Record

POC PTT over Cellular

PP, PTP Point-to-Point

PPP Point-to-Point Protocol

PRACH Physical RACH

PRB Physical resource block

PRG Physical resource block group

ProSe Proximity Services, Proximity-Based Service

PRS Positioning Reference Signal

PRR Packet Reception Radio

PS Packet Services

PSBCH Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel

PSDCH Physical Sidelink Downlink Channel

PSCCH Physical Sidelink Control Channel

PSSCH Physical Sidelink Shared Channel

PSCell Primary SCell

PSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

PT-RS Phase-tracking reference signal

PTT Push-to-Talk

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel

PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QCI QoS class of identifier

QCL Quasi co-location

QFI QoS Flow ID, QoS Flow Identifier

QoS Quality of Service

QPSK Quadrature (Quaternary) Phase Shift Keying

QZSS Quasi-Zenith Satellite System

RA-RNTI Random Access RNTI

RAB Radio Access Bearer, Random Access Burst

RACH Random Access Channel

RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service

RAN Radio Access Network

RAND RANDom number (used for authentication)

RAR Random Access Response

RAT Radio Access Technology

RAU Routing Area Update

RB Resource block, Radio Bearer

RBG Resource block group

REG Resource Element Group

Rel Release

REQ REQuest

RF Radio Frequency

RI Rank Indicator

MV Resource indicator value

RL Radio Link

RLC Radio Link Control, Radio Link Control layer

RLC AM RLC Acknowledged Mode

RLC UM RLC Unacknowledged Mode

RLF Radio Link Failure

RLM Radio Link Monitoring

RLM-RS Reference Signal for RLM

RM Registration Management

RMC Reference Measurement Channel

RMSI Remaining MSI, Remaining Minimum System Information

RN Relay Node

RNC Radio Network Controller

RNL Radio Network Layer

RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier

ROHC RObust Header Compression

RRC Radio Resource Control, Radio Resource Control layer

RRM Radio Resource Management

RS Reference Signal

RSRP Reference Signal Received Power

RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality

RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator

RSU Road Side Unit

RSTD Reference Signal Time difference

RTP Real Time Protocol

RTS Ready-To-Send

RTT Round Trip Time

Rx Reception, Receiving, Receiver

S1AP S1 Application Protocol

S1-MME S1 for the control plane

S1-U S1 for the user plane

S-GW Serving Gateway

S-RNTI SRNC Radio Network Temporary Identity

S-TMSI SAE Temporary Mobile Station Identifier

SA Standalone operation mode

SAE System Architecture Evolution

SAP Service Access Point

SAPD Service Access Point Descriptor

SAPI Service Access Point Identifier

SCC Secondary Component Carrier, Secondary CC

SCell Secondary Cell

SC-FDMA Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

SCG Secondary Cell Group

SCM Security Context Management

SCS Subcarrier Spacing

SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol

SDAP Service Data Adaptation Protocol, Service Data Adaptation Protocol layer

SDL Supplementary Downlink

SDNF Structured Data Storage Network Function

SDP Service Discovery Protocol (Bluetooth related)

SDSF Structured Data Storage Function

SDU Service Data Unit

SEAF Security Anchor Function

SeNB secondary eNB

SEPP Security Edge Protection Proxy

SFI Slot format indication

SFTD Space-Frequency Time Diversity, SFN and frame timing difference

SFN System Frame Number

SgNB Secondary gNB

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

S-GW Serving Gateway

SI System Information

SI-RNTI System Information RNTI

SIB System Information Block

SIM Subscriber Identity Module

SIP Session Initiated Protocol

SiP System in Package

SL Sidelink

SLA Service Level Agreement

SM Session Management

SMF Session Management Function

SMS Short Message Service

SMSF SMS Function

SMTC SSB-based Measurement Timing Configuration

SN Secondary Node, Sequence Number

SoC System on Chip

SON Self-Organizing Network

SpCell Special Cell

SP-CSI-RNTI Semi-Persistent CSI RNTI

SPS Semi-Persistent Scheduling

SQN Sequence number

SR Scheduling Request

SRB Signalling Radio Bearer

SRS Sounding Reference Signal

SS Synchronization Signal

SSB Synchronization Signal Block, SS/PBCH Block

SSBRI SS/PBCH Block Resource Indicator, Synchronization Signal Block Resource Indicator

SSC Session and Service Continuity

SS-RSRP Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal Received Power

SS-RSRQ Synchronization Signal based Reference Signal Received Quality

SS-SINR Synchronization Signal based Signal to Noise and Interference Ratio

SSS Secondary Synchronization Signal

SSSG Search Space Set Group

SSSIF Search Space Set Indicator

SST Slice/Service Types

SU-MIMO Single User MIMO

SUL Supplementary Uplink

TA Timing Advance, Tracking Area

TAC Tracking Area Code

TAG Timing Advance Group

TAU Tracking Area Update

TB Transport Block

TBS Transport Block Size

TBD To Be Defined

TCI Transmission Configuration Indicator

TCP Transmission Communication Protocol

TDD Time Division Duplex

TDM Time Division Multiplexing

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

TE Terminal Equipment

TEID Tunnel End Point Identifier

TFT Traffic Flow Template

TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

TNL Transport Network Layer

TPC Transmit Power Control

TPMI Transmitted Precoding Matrix Indicator

TR Technical Report

TRP, TRxP Transmission Reception Point

TRS Tracking Reference Signal

TRx Transceiver

TS Technical Specifications, Technical Standard

TTI Transmission Time Interval

Tx Transmission, Transmitting, Transmitter

U-RNTI UTRAN Radio Network Temporary Identity

UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter

UCI Uplink Control Information

UE User Equipment

UDM Unified Data Management

UDP User Datagram Protocol

UDSF Unstructured Data Storage Network Function

UICC Universal Integrated Circuit Card

UL Uplink

UM Unacknowledged Mode

UML Unified Modelling Language

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

UP User Plane

UPF User Plane Function

URI Uniform Resource Identifier

URL Uniform Resource Locator

URLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency

USB Universal Serial Bus

USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module

USS UE-specific search space

UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

UwPTS Uplink Pilot Time Slot

V2I Vehicle-to-Infrastruction

V2P Vehicle-to-Pedestrian

V2V Vehicle-to-Vehicle

V2X Vehicle-to-everything

VIM Virtualized Infrastructure Manager

VL Virtual Link,

VLAN Virtual LAN, Virtual Local Area Network

VM Virtual Machine

VNF Virtualized Network Function

VNFFG VNF Forwarding Graph

VNFFGD VNF Forwarding Graph Descriptor

VNFM VNF Manager

VoIP Voice-over-IP, Voice-over-Internet Protocol

VPLMN Visited Public Land Mobile Network

VPN Virtual Private Network

VRB Virtual Resource Block

WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

WMAN Wireless Metropolitan Area Network

WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network

X2-C X2-Control plane

X2-U X2-User plane

XML eXtensible Markup Language

XRES EXpected user RESponse

XOR eXclusive OR

ZC Zadoff-Chu

ZP Zero Power

Terminology

For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions are applicable to the examples and embodiments discussed herein, but are not meant to be limiting.

The term “circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes hardware components such as an electronic circuit, a logic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable device (FPD) (e.g., a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic device (PLD), a complex PLD (CPLD), a high-capacity PLD (HCPLD), a structured ASIC, or a programmable SoC), digital signal processors (DSPs), etc., that are configured to provide the described functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may execute one or more software or firmware programs to provide at least some of the described functionality. The term “circuitry” may also refer to a combination of one or more hardware elements (or a combination of circuits used in an electrical or electronic system) with the program code used to carry out the functionality of that program code. In these embodiments, the combination of hardware elements and program code may be referred to as a particular type of circuitry.

The term “processor circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry capable of sequentially and automatically carrying out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations, or recording, storing, and/or transferring digital data. The term “processor circuitry” may refer to one or more application processors, one or more baseband processors, a physical central processing unit (CPU), a single-core processor, a dual-core processor, a triple-core processor, a quad-core processor, and/or any other device capable of executing or otherwise operating computer-executable instructions, such as program code, software modules, and/or functional processes. The terms “application circuitry” and/or “baseband circuitry” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, “processor circuitry.”

The term “interface circuitry” as used herein refers to, is part of, or includes circuitry that enables the exchange of information between two or more components or devices. The term “interface circuitry” may refer to one or more hardware interfaces, for example, buses, I/O interfaces, peripheral component interfaces, network interface cards, and/or the like.

The term “user equipment” or “UE” as used herein refers to a device with radio communication capabilities and may describe a remote user of network resources in a communications network. The term “user equipment” or “UE” may be considered synonymous to, and may be referred to as, client, mobile, mobile device, mobile terminal, user terminal, mobile unit, mobile station, mobile user, subscriber, user, remote station, access agent, user agent, receiver, radio equipment, reconfigurable radio equipment, reconfigurable mobile device, etc. Furthermore, the term “user equipment” or “UE” may include any type of wireless/wired device or any computing device including a wireless communications interface.

The term “network element” as used herein refers to physical or virtualized equipment and/or infrastructure used to provide wired or wireless communication network services. The term “network element” may be considered synonymous to and/or referred to as a networked computer, networking hardware, network equipment, network node, router, switch, hub, bridge, radio network controller, RAN device, RAN node, gateway, server, virtualized VNF, NFVI, and/or the like.

The term “computer system” as used herein refers to any type interconnected electronic devices, computer devices, or components thereof. Additionally, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to various components of a computer that are communicatively coupled with one another. Furthermore, the term “computer system” and/or “system” may refer to multiple computer devices and/or multiple computing systems that are communicatively coupled with one another and configured to share computing and/or networking resources.

The term “appliance,” “computer appliance,” or the like, as used herein refers to a computer device or computer system with program code (e.g., software or firmware) that is specifically designed to provide a specific computing resource. A “virtual appliance” is a virtual machine image to be implemented by a hypervisor-equipped device that virtualizes or emulates a computer appliance or otherwise is dedicated to provide a specific computing resource.

The term “resource” as used herein refers to a physical or virtual device, a physical or virtual component within a computing environment, and/or a physical or virtual component within a particular device, such as computer devices, mechanical devices, memory space, processor/CPU time, processor/CPU usage, processor and accelerator loads, hardware time or usage, electrical power, input/output operations, ports or network sockets, channel/link allocation, throughput, memory usage, storage, network, database and applications, workload units, and/or the like. A “hardware resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by physical hardware element(s). A “virtualized resource” may refer to compute, storage, and/or network resources provided by virtualization infrastructure to an application, device, system, etc. The term “network resource” or “communication resource” may refer to resources that are accessible by computer devices/systems via a communications network. The term “system resources” may refer to any kind of shared entities to provide services, and may include computing and/or network resources. System resources may be considered as a set of coherent functions, network data objects or services, accessible through a server where such system resources reside on a single host or multiple hosts and are clearly identifiable.

The term “channel” as used herein refers to any transmission medium, either tangible or intangible, which is used to communicate data or a data stream. The term “channel” may be synonymous with and/or equivalent to “communications channel,” “data communications channel,” “transmission channel,” “data transmission channel,” “access channel,” “data access channel,” “link,” “data link,” “carrier,” “radiofrequency carrier,” and/or any other like term denoting a pathway or medium through which data is communicated. Additionally, the term “link” as used herein refers to a connection between two devices through a RAT for the purpose of transmitting and receiving information.

The terms “instantiate,” “instantiation,” and the like as used herein refers to the creation of an instance. An “instance” also refers to a concrete occurrence of an object, which may occur, for example, during execution of program code.

The terms “coupled,” “communicatively coupled,” along with derivatives thereof are used herein. The term “coupled” may mean two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with one another, may mean that two or more elements indirectly contact each other but still cooperate or interact with each other, and/or may mean that one or more other elements are coupled or connected between the elements that are said to be coupled with each other. The term “directly coupled” may mean that two or more elements are in direct contact with one another. The term “communicatively coupled” may mean that two or more elements may be in contact with one another by a means of communication including through a wire or other interconnect connection, through a wireless communication channel or ink, and/or the like.

The term “information element” refers to a structural element containing one or more fields. The term “field” refers to individual contents of an information element, or a data element that contains content.

The term “SMTC” refers to an SSB-based measurement timing configuration configured by SSB-MeasurementTimingConfiguration.

The term “SSB” refers to an SS/PBCH block.

The term “a “Primary Cell” refers to the MCG cell, operating on the primary frequency, in which the UE either performs the initial connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re-establishment procedure.

The term “Primary SCG Cell” refers to the SCG cell in which the UE performs random access when performing the Reconfiguration with Sync procedure for DC operation.

The term “Secondary Cell” refers to a cell providing additional radio resources on top of a Special Cell for a UE configured with CA.

The term “Secondary Cell Group” refers to the subset of serving cells comprising the PSCell and zero or more secondary cells for a UE configured with DC.

The term “Serving Cell” refers to the primary cell for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED not configured with CA/DC there is only one serving cell comprising of the primary cell.

The term “serving cell” or “serving cells” refers to the set of cells comprising the Special Cell(s) and all secondary cells for a UE in RRC_CONNECTED configured with CA/.

The term “Special Cell” refers to the PCell of the MCG or the PSCell of the SCG for DC operation; otherwise, the term “Special Cell” refers to the Pcell. 

1. A method of operating a base station (BS), the method comprising: generating, by the BS, one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCH) in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner using a Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform; generating, by the BS, a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) which is multiplexed in the TDM manner with the one or more PDCCH; and transmitting, by the BS, the one or more PDCCH and the DMRS to a user equipment (UE).
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising inserting, by the BS, the DMRS before the one or more PDCCH prior to transmitting to the UE.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising multiplexing, by the BS, the one or more PDCCH in the TDM manner prior to performing a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to generate the DFT-s-OFDM waveform.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: generating, by the BS, a DFT size for the transmission of the one or more PDCCH; and applying, by the BS, the DTF size to multiple instances of the transmission of the PDCCH.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the DTF size equals a control resource set (CORESET) size in a frequency domain.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein the DFT size equals a bandwidth of an active downlink bandwidth part (DL BWP) of the UE.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying, by the BS, a time first mapping for a control channel element-to-resource element group (CCE-to-REG) mapping to the PDCCH in a time domain prior to performing a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to generate the DFT-s-OFDM waveform.
 8. A non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed by one or more processors of a base station (BS), cause the BS to perform operations comprising: generating one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCH) in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner using a Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform; generating a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) which is multiplexed in the TDM manner with the one or more PDCCH; and transmitting the one or more PDCCH and the DMRS to a user equipment (UE).
 9. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise inserting the DMRS before the one or more PDCCH prior to transmitting to the UE.
 10. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise multiplexing the one or more PDCCH in the TDM manner prior to performing a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to generate the DFT-s-OFDM waveform.
 11. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise: generating a DFT size for the transmission of the one or more PDCCH; and applying the DTF size to multiple instances of the transmission of the PDCCH.
 12. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein the DTF size equals a control resource set (CORESET) size in a frequency domain.
 13. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 11, wherein the DFT size equals a bandwidth of an active downlink bandwidth part (DL BWP) of the UE.
 14. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise applying a time first mapping for a control channel element-to-resource element group (CCE-to-REG) mapping to the PDCCH in a time domain prior to performing a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to generate the DFT-s-OFDM waveform.
 15. A base station (BS), comprising: a processor configured to: generate one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCH) in a time division multiplexing (TDM) manner using a Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-s-OFDM) waveform; generate a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) which is multiplexed in the TDM manner with the one or more PDCCH; and a radio frequency integrated circuit, coupled to the processor, configured to transmit the one or more PDCCH and the DMRS to a user equipment (UE).
 16. The BS of claim 15, wherein the processor is further configured to insert the DMRS before the one or more PDCCH prior to transmitting to the UE.
 17. The BS of claim 15, wherein the processor is further configured to multiplex the one or more PDCCH in the TDM manner prior to performing a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to generate the DFT-s-OFDM waveform.
 18. The BS of claim 15, wherein the processor is further configured to: generate a DFT size for the transmission of the one or more PDCCH; and apply the DTF size to multiple instances of the transmission of the PDCCH.
 19. The BS of claim 15, wherein the DTF size equals a control resource set (CORESET) size in a frequency domain.
 20. The BS of claim 15, wherein the DFT size equals a bandwidth of an active downlink bandwidth part (DL BWP) of the UE. 